What is a DNA paternity test?
A DNA paternity test is a scientifically validated method used to establish whether a man is the biological father of a child. This test works by comparing specific regions of the genetic material (DNA) from both the child and the alleged father. Because a child inherits half of their DNA from their biological mother and the other half from their biological father, analysing and matching these genetic markers can provide definitive evidence of a biological relationship.
It usually involves rubbing a soft cotton swab on the inside of the cheek to collect cells. These cells are then sent to a laboratory, where experts check specific parts of the DNA to see if they match. If the man is the biological father, the results will show a match with more than 99.9% probability of paternity. If he is not the father, the results will clearly show that as well, with 100% certainty.
DNA paternity testing is widely used for personal reassurance, legal purposes (such as child custody or inheritance disputes), and immigration applications. It is considered highly reliable, non-invasive, and accessible through both clinical and home-based testing options.
Learn more about other genetic tests here.
Is a DNA paternity test legal in Singapore?
Yes, DNA paternity testing is legal in Singapore, but it is important to understand the distinction between the two main types available:
Legal DNA paternity test
This test is court-admissible and must be conducted at an accredited facility under strict chain-of-custody procedures. The identities of all participants must be verified to ensure the integrity and legal validity of the results. This type of test is essential for legal rights and matters such as child custody disputes, inheritance claims, social security or official documentation.
At-home DNA paternity test
This test is used for personal knowledge only and is not recognised by the courts in Singapore. While it can provide peace of mind, it does not meet the legal standards required for official use due to the lack of verified identification and controlled procedures.
If you require a DNA paternity test for legal purposes in Singapore, such as court proceedings or government documentation, you must undergo a court-approved legal test performed by a recognised and accredited laboratory.
What are the types of DNA paternity tests?
There are several types of DNA paternity tests, each designed for different situations. The method used depends on factors like the stage of pregnancy, the need for legal documentation, and personal preference. Here are some of the most commonly used options:
Buccal (cheek swab) test
This is the most common and widely used method. It involves gently rubbing a soft swab inside the cheek to collect cells.
Non-invasive, painless, and suitable for individuals of all ages, including newborns
Often used for both legal and at-home paternity testing
Provides highly accurate results, with over 99.9% certainty if paternity is confirmed
Blood test
In some cases, a blood sample may be collected from the alleged father, the child, or both.
Offers the same level of accuracy as cheek swabs
May be preferred when cheek swab collection is not feasible
Typically performed in a clinical or hospital setting
Prenatal DNA paternity testing
These tests are done during pregnancy to determine paternity before the child is born. There are two main types:
Non-invasive prenatal paternity test (NIPP):
Involves a blood sample from the mother and a cheek swab from the alleged father
Analyses free-floating fetal DNA in the mother’s bloodstream
Safe for both mother and baby, typically done from the 9th week of pregnancy onwards
Invasive prenatal testing (amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling — CVS):
Performed by a qualified medical professional in a clinical setting
Involves collecting amniotic fluid or placental tissue
Carries a small risk of miscarriage, so usually only done when medically necessary and with a doctor’s referral
Choosing the right type of paternity test depends on your situation, timeline, and whether legal documentation is required. If you require further guidance, request an appointment with us, and our specialists will assist you in selecting the most appropriate testing option.
Why do people need DNA paternity tests?
People choose to undergo DNA paternity tests for various important reasons. These tests not only provide clarity about biological relationships but are also essential in many legal, personal, and medical situations. Below are the most common reasons why someone might need a DNA paternity test:
Legal purposes:
Establishing legal paternity is often required in matters such as child support, custody arrangements, or inheritance claims.
In Singapore and many other countries, a court-admissible DNA test may be mandated to resolve disputes or formalise parental rights and responsibilities.
Peace of mind:
For some individuals, the motivation is purely personal.
A paternity test offers emotional reassurance and clarity, particularly in situations of uncertainty or long-standing doubts about a child’s biological father.
Immigration applications:
Many immigration authorities request proof of biological relationships to support visa or citizenship applications.
DNA paternity testing can provide the required evidence to meet these regulations, especially when official documents like birth certificates are unavailable or inconclusive.
Medical reasons:
DNA testing can be crucial in identifying inherited genetic disorders, understanding family medical history, or assessing organ or tissue donor compatibility.
Accurate paternity information ensures better-informed medical decisions for both parents and children.
Whether you are dealing with family law, preparing an immigration file, or simply seeking personal clarity, a paternity test offers scientifically accurate results that can help you move forward with confidence. Request an appointment with us to learn more about DNA paternity testing and explore your options.
When can a DNA paternity test be performed?
Normally, a DNA paternity test can be carried out at any stage—before or after the child is born. The timing depends on your needs and the type of test chosen:
Prenatal paternity testing (before birth)
This test is performed during pregnancy and typically involves collecting a blood sample from the mother and a DNA sample from the alleged father.
It is a non-invasive option that can safely determine paternity before the baby is born. Prenatal testing is often used in cases such as legal, medical, or immigration concerns during pregnancy.
Postnatal paternity testing (after birth)
After the child is born, a paternity test can be done at any time. The most common method is a cheek swab (buccal swab), which is quick, painless, and non-invasive. In some cases, a blood sample or other biological material may be used instead. This method is commonly used for personal reassurance, legal verification, or family-related decisions.
Not sure which paternity test is right for your situation? Request an appointment with us today, and our team will guide you through the paternity testing process and help you choose the most suitable option based on your needs.
How does a DNA paternity test work?
The test works by comparing specific sections of DNA—called genetic markers—between the child and the alleged father. For a legal DNA test, it must be conducted at an accredited clinic under strict chain-of-custody procedures. Meanwhile, at-home DNA tests allow you to collect the samples yourself and mail them to the lab. These tests are for personal peace of mind only and are not court-admissible.
Results are valid for legal matters like court cases or immigration applications. Here's a step-by-step breakdown of the process:
DNA collection:
A sample is collected—usually by gently rubbing a buccal swab inside the cheek to gather cells. In some cases, a blood sample may be used instead.
The test usually involves the child, the alleged father, and sometimes the mother (optional but may help in some cases).
Laboratory analysis:
The DNA, taken from the child and the alleged father, is analysed in a certified laboratory. Specific genetic markers are compared to determine if they match.
Results:
If the DNA profiles match, the man is confirmed as the biological father with more than 99.9% certainty.
If there is no significant match, he is excluded as the biological father, with 100% certainty.
Preparing for a DNA paternity test
Before undergoing a DNA paternity test, it's helpful to understand what the process involves and how to prepare. Both types of tests are painless, quick, and non-invasive. In most cases, results will be ready within 3 to 7 working days, depending on the provider. The steps may differ slightly depending on whether you are taking a legal test or an at-home test:
Legal DNA paternity testing
For legal purposes, you’ll need to visit an accredited testing centre. You will be required to bring valid identification documents (e.g., NRIC, passport, or birth certificate), and all individuals being tested must be present. The process follows strict chain-of-custody protocols to ensure the results are acknowledged in court or by government authorities.
At-home DNA paternity testing
If the test is for personal knowledge, you can order an at-home DNA testing kit. The kit includes step-by-step instructions and sterile cheek swabs for easy sample collection. No ID is required, and you can collect samples in the comfort of your home. However, these results are not admissible for legal purposes.
How much does a DNA paternity test cost in Singapore?
In Singapore, the cost of a DNA paternity test typically ranges from S$300 to S$2,000, depending on the type of test and its purpose:
At-home paternity test: S$300 – S$600
Legal paternity test (court-admissible): S$800 – S$1,500
Prenatal paternity test (non-invasive): S$1,500 – S$2,000
Prices may vary based on the testing provider, number of people tested, and whether express results are required.
The information provided above is intended for general reference only. For detailed fee information and payment options, please consult your healthcare provider directly. Request an appointment with our specialists at Thomson Medical today for a detailed price breakdown and a personalised care plan.
FAQ
Are home DNA paternity tests accurate?
Yes, home paternity tests are over 99.9% accurate when samples are collected properly. However, there are a few limitations to note:
Not legally valid:
Courts do not accept home test results because sample collection is unsupervised.
Risk of contamination:
Incorrect handling can affect accuracy.
For legal matters like child custody or inheritance, a court-approved test at an accredited clinic is required.
Can you test for paternity without the father knowing?
In most countries, including Singapore, it is illegal to collect or test someone's DNA without their consent. This includes paternity testing. Respecting privacy and following ethical procedures is essential.
However, in specific cases where the alleged father is unavailable or unwilling:
Alternative family testing:
DNA from close relatives—such as the alleged father’s parents or siblings—can sometimes be used to determine paternity.
Prenatal testing:
During pregnancy, a non-invasive prenatal paternity test (NIPP) can be done using the mother’s blood and the alleged father's DNA (with his consent).
Can a father do a DNA test without the mother knowing?
In most countries, including Singapore, it is not legal to collect or test someone's DNA without their consent. If the child is a minor, both parents typically need to give consent for the test to proceed. Attempting to conduct a paternity test without the mother’s knowledge may violate privacy laws and may not be legally admissible.
To ensure compliance with legal and ethical standards, it's best to consult an accredited DNA testing provider before proceeding.
Can a DNA paternity test be done with just the father and child?
Yes, a paternity test can be performed with only the father and child. The mother’s DNA is not required, although including it can slightly enhance the analysis. Even without the mother’s sample, the results remain highly accurate—with over 99.9% certainty when paternity is confirmed.
Can a mother refuse a paternity test?
It depends on the situation:
For personal tests:
If the paternity test is for personal knowledge only and not part of a legal case, the mother has the right to refuse participation.
For legal cases:
If the test is court-ordered—such as in cases involving child custody, support, or legal disputes—the mother cannot legally refuse. A judge has the authority to mandate testing to establish biological parentage.
Can a GP perform a paternity test?
Most general practitioners (GPs) do not conduct paternity tests directly. However:
GPs can help by referring you to an accredited DNA testing facility.
Legal DNA tests must be carried out at a certified clinic, hospital, or laboratory that follows strict chain-of-custody procedures.
Some private clinics and hospitals offer DNA sample collection services for both legal and non-legal testing.
If you're unsure where to begin, your GP is a good starting point—they can guide you to a trusted and accredited provider.
Do both parents have to be present for a DNA test?
No, both parents do not always have to be present for a DNA paternity test. However, the requirement depends on the type of test and the age of the child:
If the child is under 21 in Singapore, parental or legal guardian consent is required. This usually involves the mother if she has legal custody.
For a paternity test involving only the father and child, the test can still be conducted, but the mother’s consent may be needed for minors, especially in legal cases.
The mother’s DNA is not required for accurate results, though it can help strengthen the analysis.
Always check with an accredited testing provider to ensure consent requirements are met.
The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice, please consult a specialist at Thomson Medical. Request an appointment with Thomson Medical today.
For more information, contact us:
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