HPV Test: Why It’s Important and What the Results Mean

What is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test?

The HPV test is a screening tool used to detect high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus. It involves analysing sample cells taken from the lower end of the womb (cervix). HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to the development of genital warts, abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer.

This test is commonly performed in conjunction with a routine Pap smear and is an important tool in the prevention of cervical cancer. In Singapore, this test is available at public or private hospitals, polyclinics or private clinics.

Why is the HPV test important?

While a Pap smear specifically tests cervical cells for abnormalities that may indicate cancer, an HPV test checks for the presence of high-risk HPV strains that can increase the risk of cervical cancer.

The immune system is usually able to fight HPV infections on its own without causing any symptoms. However, some high-risk HPV infections can persist for years and can lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. Your healthcare provider may recommend an HPV test if:

• You are 30 years or older as part of routine cervical cancer screening.

• You have had an abnormal Pap smear result.

• You have a personal or family history of cervical cancer.

• You have a weakened immune system due to conditions such as HIV.

• You're a sexually active woman and have had multiple partners, which increases the risk of acquiring a genital HPV infection.

• Your doctor needs to assess your HPV condition to determine whether additional testing or monitoring is needed.

In addition, an HPV test can be used to help make treatment decisions following a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer that has spread through oral sex. This cancer grows in the back of the throat, including the tonsils and base of the tongue.

If you have had any of the conditions mentioned above, don't hesitate to request an appointment at a Thomson Medical clinic. Our healthcare team is available to assist you, including performing an HPV test  to evaluate your cervical cancer risk and determine the appropriate next steps.

How to prepare for an HPV test

An HPV test is a simple procedure, so there's no special preparation you need to do beforehand. However, as this test is usually done alongside a Pap smear, following a few simple guidelines can help to ensure accurate results and the quality of the sample of cells collected. Here's how to prepare:

• Wear clothes that are comfortable and simple to remove, as you may need to undress from the waist down.

• Avoid vaginal intercourse, as well as the use of vaginal medications, lubricants, birth control gels, or spermicides for 24 to 48 hours before the test.

• Do not use vaginal products such as creams or foams two days before the test, as they can interfere with the accuracy of the results.

• Avoid douching (rinsing the vagina with water or other fluids) before your appointment.

• Schedule the test at least five days after your menstrual period ends, as menstrual blood may affect your results.

It's also helpful to tell your healthcare provider about any symptoms, unusual discharges, or changes to your reproductive health before the test. The information will allow them to make any necessary adjustments and, if necessary, postpone the test.

It is also important to follow any additional instructions given by your healthcare provider.

What to expect during the procedure

After the above preparations, the procedure begins and usually only takes a few minutes. Your healthcare professional may ask you to undress from the waist down.

1. You will lie on your back on an exam table with your legs open and your heels in supports called stirrups.

2. Your healthcare professional will then gently insert a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum into your vagina. This procedure opens the vaginal walls so that your cervix can be seen clearly.

3. A soft brush and a flat instrument called a spatula will then be used to take a sample of cells from the surface of your cervix. The procedure is usually quick and may cause mild cramping, but many people don't feel anything at all.

4. The cell sample is then sent to a lab for analysis to detect the presence of high-risk HPV strains.

You can return to your normal daily activities immediately after the test without any restrictions. You can ask your doctor when your test results will be ready and when the follow-up appointment will be.

What do the results mean?

After the test is done, your results will be either positive or negative. Depending on your test results, your healthcare professional will decide on what steps to take next.

Positive HPV test

A positive result means that high-risk types of HPV have been found in your cervix. However, this doesn't mean you have cervical cancer; it just means you're at a higher risk of getting it.

There is currently no treatment that cures HPV itself. However, your healthcare provider will assess your overall risk and recommend what to do next. They may take into account your age, previous test results, and any other health conditions you may have.

Your healthcare provider may recommend:

• Follow-up procedure using a special lens called a colposcope to look closely at your cervix and check for the presence of cancer cells (colposcopy).

• A cervical biopsy, a procedure to take a small sample of tissue from your cervix to be examined under a microscope.

• Follow up in a year to see if the virus has gone away by itself.

• Regular tests to check for any changes in your cervical cells.

It’s important to note that cervical changes from HPV can take years to develop into cancer. So if you test positive for HPV, your doctor may recommend monitoring (watchful waiting) rather than immediate treatment for any cervical changes. 

Negative HPV test

A negative test result means that no high-risk HPV strains have been detected, which means that your risk of developing cervical cancer is low. You'll continue with routine cervical cancer screening, usually every 5 years, depending on your age and medical history.

If you have not had the HPV vaccine, your healthcare provider may recommend it. The vaccine provides effective protection against the most common high-risk HPV types and helps reduce your risk of HPV-related cancers, especially if it is given before exposure through sexual activity.

If you would like more information about the HPV test, request a consultation with Thomson Medical. Our specialists can provide you with further explanation about this procedure, including the advantages and disadvantages you should be aware of.

HPV test costs in Singapore

In Singapore, an HPV test can be done at a hospital, polyclinic or private clinic. The cost of the test depends on whether it's done as a stand-alone test, combined with a Pap smear, or as part of a health screening package. The typical price ranges are as follows:

• Standalone HPV tests cost around SGD 200 without any subsidies (walk-in).

• An HPV test combined with a Pap smear can cost around SGD 250 without any subsidies (walk-in).

• While if it's as part of health screening packages, prices can vary depending on the facility and package contents.

Subsidies and government schemes

If you are a Singaporean citizen, you may be eligible for subsidised cervical cancer screenings under government schemes such as the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) and Screen for Life (SFL).

• At CHAS GP clinics, the HPV test can cost as little as SGD 2 to SGD 5, depending on your CHAS card level. This subsidised fee covers the screening tests performed during the same visit and includes a follow-up consultation if needed. However, additional fees may apply for separate visits.

• At polyclinics, the fee for HPV testing is approximately SGD 22.50 for Singapore citizens and SGD 33.75 for permanent residents.

• Under the Healthy SG (HSG) programme, cervical cancer screening, including HPV testing, is fully subsidised for enrolled Singaporeans. Check with your registered clinic for your next screening date.

• The Merdeka Generation and Pioneer Generation are further subsidised, with some tests offered free or at minimal cost.

However, please note that subsidised screenings are usually only available at participating CHAS GP clinics and polyclinics, not at any private clinics or hospitals. The fixed subsidised fee includes the screening tests and the first post-screening consultation, if deemed necessary.

For more information on Screen for Life subsidies, visit here to check your eligibility. For a detailed pricing  breakdown and payment options, along with a personalised care plan, please request an appointment with our specialists at Thomson Medical today.

Are there any risks to the test?

The HPV test is a very low-risk procedure, as it only requires a tissue sample from the cervix. However, you may experience some mild discomfort during the procedure, such as:

• Mild discomfort or cramping during the sample collection.

• You may feel some pressure or discomfort when the speculum is used, and the instrument may feel cold at first.

• Slight spotting or bleeding after the test, which will usually go away quickly.

• There is a rare risk of infection, especially if hygiene practices are not followed properly; this is uncommon when the test is done in a clinical setting.

FAQ

How are you tested for HPV?

The HPV test involves collecting a sample of cells from your cervix. During the procedure, your healthcare professional will:

• Use a speculum to gently open the vaginal walls.

• Collect cervical cells using a soft brush and a flat instrument called a spatula.

• Send the sample to a laboratory for analysis.

This test is often performed alongside a Pap smear as part of routine cervical cancer screening.

What if an HPV test is positive?

A positive HPV test means high-risk types of HPV have been detected in your cervix. The finding doesn't mean you have cervical cancer but indicates you're at higher risk. Your healthcare provider may recommend:

• A colposcopy (detailed examination of the cervix)

• A cervical biopsy

• Follow-up testing in a year to check if the virus has cleared

• Regular monitoring for any cervical cell changes

Your doctor will determine the next steps based on your age, previous test results, and overall health.

What are the common symptoms of HPV?

Most HPV infections don't cause any noticeable symptoms, which is why regular screening is important. In some cases, certain types of HPV may cause:

• Genital warts

• Cervical cancer

• Abnormal cervical cells (detected through screening)

Is the HPV test painful?

The test is not usually painful, but some people may experience mild discomfort or pressure during the procedure, which usually subsides quickly after the test.

Can HPV be cured?

There is no cure for HPV, but in most cases, the immune system clears the infection naturally. Vaccination, regular screenings, and a healthy immune system help reduce risks associated with HPV.

The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations based on your medical conditions, request an appointment with Thomson Medical.