Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Markers, and Screening Options

Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the ovaries begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour. These cancerous cells can eventually spread to nearby tissues or organs. Because the ovaries are located deep within the pelvis, symptoms may not appear until the disease has progressed, which is why early detection is often difficult.

Ovarian cancer may develop from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Some of these factors may increase the likelihood of mutations in ovarian cells or create a hormonal environment that promotes tumour growth.

Ovarian cancer treatment is highly individualised. Your doctor will recommend a treatment plan based on the type, stage, and spread of the cancer, as well as your overall health and personal preferences.

Here are the most common approaches:

• Surgery is often the first step in treating ovarian cancer. The goal is to remove as much of the tumour as possible. Depending on how far the cancer has spread, this may involve removing one or both ovaries, the uterus, fallopian tubes, nearby lymph nodes, and any visible cancer within the abdomen.
• Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is commonly given after surgery (called adjuvant therapy) to target any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, doctors may recommend chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumour and make it easier to remove.
• Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are used in more severe or recurrent cases.
  • Targeted therapy uses drugs that interfere with specific cancer cell processes, such as tumour growth or blood supply.
  • Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognise and attack cancer cells more effectively.