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Thomson Specialists

<p>Thomson Medical offers convenient access to comprehensive specialist outpatient and surgical care for women, children, and families through Thomson Specialists. Our team is dedicated to addressing your unique needs and providing tailored treatment options. Take control of your health today by booking an appointment at any of our Thomson Specialists clinics and embark on a journey towards improved well-being.</p>

Bringing Comprehensive Specialist Care Closer To You

Thomson Women's Clinic

<p>At Thomson Women’s Clinics, we are committed to providing modern and comprehensive care for women of all ages. Our experienced team of O&amp;G specialists is dedicated to creating a caring environment where your health and well-being are our top priorities. Our specialists provide specialised services on preventive measures, accurate diagnosis, and personalised treatment plans.</p><p></p><p>Whether you need specialised care for women-related conditions or navigating the journey of childbirth, seeking support for family planning and fertility treatments, or requiring compassionate care through menopause, we are here for you.</p>

Our Expertise

Specialists in Women’s Health

<p style="text-align: justify;">We understand that managing your health appointments around work and family commitments can be challenging. For your convenience, we provides women's health consultations beyond standard hours at multiple locations across Singapore.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><u><strong>Extended Hours Locations</strong></u></p><p style="text-align: justify;">While all 12 of our women's health clinics operate during standard clinic hours, the following locations offer extended consultation times:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><u><strong>Northeast</strong></u></p><ul><li><strong>Woodleigh: </strong>Thursday, 6pm - 9pm</li><li><strong>Sengkang: </strong>Tuesday &amp; Friday, 5:30pm - 7:00pm</li><li><strong>Punggol:</strong> Tuesday, Thursday &amp; Friday, 12pm - 8pm</li></ul><p style="text-align: center;"><u><strong>East</strong></u></p><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Tampines:</strong> Monday, 7pm - 9pm</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Katong: </strong>Wednesday, 10am - 8pm</li></ul><p style="text-align: center;"><u><strong>West</strong></u></p><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Jurong: </strong>Monday &amp; Thursday, 6pm - 9pm</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bukit Batok: </strong>Monday, Thursday &amp; Friday, 6pm - 8:30pm</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Choa Chu Kang:</strong> Monday, 6pm - 8pm</li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">Thomson Medical is committed to providing accessible healthcare that fits your schedule.</p>

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Our Doctors

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Thomson Women’s Clinic

Thomson Paediatric Centre

<p>At Thomson Paediatric Centres, our unwavering commitment is to treat your child with the same level of care and dedication as we would our own. We provide children's healthcare services to alleviate every parent's concerns and ensure the well-being of our next generation. Our experienced team of Paediatricians is devoted to cultivating a caring environment where your child's health is our top priority.</p><p></p><p>Besides General Paediatrics services, we also offer specialised services in Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology. Our specialist doctors are experienced in areas such as Nutrition, Respiratory, Growth &amp; Development assessment, and Paediatric Urgent Care for babies to young children and adolescents. Trust us to be your partner in safeguarding your child's health and ensuring a compassionate and comprehensive approach to their medical needs.</p>

Specialists in Children’s Health

Our Paediatricians

<p>Please click on the below links for our Paediatricians' availabilities.</p>
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      <td><strong>Paediatricians</strong></td>
      <td><strong>Clinic Location</strong></td>
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      <td>Dr Ang Ai Tin</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/XcyrrQBgEW35Rw3f6" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (TPC 1)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Eugene Han</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/odint8UJmba6RBPbA" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (TPC 4)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Grace Lim</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/obLpwmEFumMjMzRz8" target="_blank">Thomson Specialists (Woodleigh)</a> </td>
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      <td>Dr Kenneth Chua Yong Yeow</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/Kp3TYWxzLXkfkkPYA" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (Punggol)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Leo Deng Jin</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/NVzfb9zvkUMvvNxN8" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (Bukit Panjang)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Lim Yang Chern</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/7Ex6ra4NmwHQUopS6" target="_blank"><span>Thomson Paediatric Centre (Jurong)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Ong Ian</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/78WJoj482r35Af7T9" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (Parkway Parade)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Tan Kuanyang</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/odint8UJmba6RBPbA" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (TPC 4)</a></td>
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      <td>Dr Yang Linqi</td>
      <td><a href="https://maps.app.goo.gl/XcyrrQBgEW35Rw3f6" target="_blank">Thomson Paediatric Centre (TPC 1)</a></td>
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<p>Refer to each paediatrician's <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/centres/paediatric-centre/paediatricians-consultation-hours">consultation hours</a> for their availability.</p>

Our Paediatricians' Leave Schedule

General Information

Your Guide to Thomson Medical

Investor Relations

<p>L<span>atest share price, financial performance, and other materials relevant to investors.</span></p><p>Read about our <a href="https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/blt5a13f1dd33c615fa/651e7a9aecf48b6d54c38b23/TMG-Investor-Relations-Policy-3Sep2020.pdf?branch=uat_release_3" target="_self">Investor Relations Policy</a></p><p>For Investor Relations matters, please email us at <a href="mailto:ir@thomsonmedical.com">ir@thomsonmedical.com</a><strong ><br bold="[object Object]"/></strong><strong ><br bold="[object Object]"/></strong><strong>Thomson Medical Group Limited</strong><br />101 Thomson Road<br />#20-04/05, United Square<br />Singapore 307591<br />Tel: +65 6331 0188<br />Fax: +65 6331 0180</p>

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<span></span><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Stock symbol</p></td><td><p><span>A50.SI</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Listing</p></td><td><p>Singapore Exchange<br /></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Financial Year End</p></td><td><p>June 30</p></td></tr><tr><td><span></span><span></span><span>Total issued shares</span> as at 30 June 2025</td><td><p><span></span><span></span><span>26,441,066,807 ordinary shares</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span></span><span></span><span>Market capitalisation as at 30 June 2025</span><sub></sub><span><sub></sub></span><sub></sub></p></td><td><p><span></span><span></span><span>S$1.1 billion</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<p>Gynaecological conditions play a crucial role in women's reproductive health and can greatly influence their overall well-being. Most conditions are scanned and diagnosed by a specialised gynaecologist with or without a <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/women-health/gynaecology/pelvis-ultrasound?utm_campaign=norraleads" target="_blank">pelvis ultrasound</a> or a <a href="https://shop.thomsonmedical.com/pink-of-health-screening-for-her-no-fasting/?utm_campaign=norramenses" target="_blank">women health screening</a>.</p><p>Consider seeing a <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/centres/women-clinic?utm_campaign=norra">gynaecology specialist</a> if you have or suspect to have:</p><ul><li>Cancers (uterine, ovarian, cervical, vaginal)</li><li>Grown Fibroids &amp; Grown Cysts (Ovarian)</li><li>Endometriosis</li><li>Infections &amp; Vagina abnormalities</li><li>Menstrual Disorders</li><li>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)</li><li>Menopause<br /></li></ul>

Gynaecological Conditions

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<p><span>Dr Geetha Visvalingam is a Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/centres/women-clinic"><span>Thomson Women's Clinic</span></a><span> (Katong Branch). </span></p><p><span>She specialises in general </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/speciality/obstetrics-gynaecology"><span>obstetrics and gynaecology</span></a><span> and provides services including </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/pregnancy/antenatal"><span>antenatal</span></a><span> and </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/postnatal"><span>postnatal care</span></a><span>, early pregnancy care and management of various gynaecological conditions </span>conditions such as PCOS, endometriosis,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/ovarian-cysts">ovarian cysts</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/fibroids">uterine fibroids</a>, menstrual disorders and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/heavy-menses-menorrhagia">heavy menstrual bleeding</a>. Dr Geetha also provides family planning services, contraceptive counselling,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/menopause-treatments">menopause management</a>&nbsp;and sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening for women and their partners.<span></span><span></span></p><p><span></span>Dr Geetha completed her medical training at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, where she obtained her MB BCh BAO BA in 2004. She then completed her basic specialist training in obstetrics and gynaecology in Dublin, Ireland and her advanced specialist training at the KK Women's and Children's Hospital in Singapore. Dr Geetha became a Member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) in the UK in 2010 and obtained Fellowship from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (FRCOG) in the UK in 2024.</p><p><span>Prior to joining Thomson Women's Clinic, Dr Geetha was a member of the Department of General Obstetrics and Gynaecology at KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), where she developed a special interest in sexually transmitted infections (STIs). She went on to head the STI clinic, where she significantly improved operations by establishing streamlined referral processes, workflow pathways for STI results management, and the creation of patient information leaflets.</span></p><p><span>Dr Geetha has a strong commitment to education and mentoring. She has held clinical teaching positions at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and as an adjunct instructor at Duke-NUS Medical School. Dr Geetha has been actively involved in training and mentoring junior doctors and senior residents, as well as working on quality improvement projects to enhance patient care.&nbsp;She has also contributed to research and publications in the course of her career.</span></p><p><span>She was also involved in the establishment of the Rapid Response Team workflow in the O&amp;G wards at KKH, which was successfully implemented with quarterly multidisciplinary meetings. Her contributions have been recognised through numerous awards, including the </span>Gold award for the Singapore Health Quality Service Awards in 2022 and the Star award in 2025,<span> the 10 Years Long Service Award from KKH and SingHealth in 2023, and the Covid-19 Resilience Medal in 2023.</span></p><p><span>Dr Geetha Visvalingam is accredited to perform surgical procedures at the Thomson Medical Centre.</span></p>

Dr Geetha Visvalingam

<p><span></span><span></span>Dr Wang Junjie (JJ) is a Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/centres/women-clinic/novena" target="_blank">Thomson Women's Clinic &amp; Cancer Surgery</a> in Thomson Medical Centre, Novena.&nbsp;</p><p>From 2022 to 2025, he served as Head of the Department of Gynaecological Oncology at KKH, where he oversaw the founding team that established Singapore's first OncoFertility Clinic, which offers fertility preservation options for women undergoing cancer treatment.</p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">With over 17 years&nbsp; of experience in clinical services, he specialises in general&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/speciality/obstetrics-gynaecology"><span>obstetrics and gynaecology</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;(O&amp;G) and provides services including&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/pregnancy/antenatal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">antenatal</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/postnatal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">postnatal care</span></a><span>, early pregnancy care and management of various women’s conditions like menstruation issues, fibroids, and ovarian cysts.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">He also subspecialises in</span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/speciality/gynaecology/oncology"><span>&nbsp;Gynaecological Oncology</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;with a clinical interest in</span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/speciality/minimally-invasive-surgery"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;minimally invasive surgery</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;(keyhole surgery) to treat gynaecological cancers, pre-invasive conditions, and general O&amp;G conditions. He is accredited to perform a range of procedures, including laparoscopic and deep pelvic surgery, vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (VNOTES), hysteroscopic surgery, myomectomy, ovarian cystectomy,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/colposcopy"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">colposcopy</span></a><span>, and other gynaecological surgeries.</span></p><p><span>Dr Wang obtained his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) from the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2007. He completed his housemanship at Changi General Hospital and KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH), followed by service as a medical officer in the Singapore Armed Forces.</span></p><p><span>He began specialist training in obstetrics and gynaecology at KKH, where he was named Best Registrar during his residency. He subsequently attained Membership of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) and became a board-certified obstetrician and gynaecologist in Singapore upon passing the national exit examinations.</span></p><p><span>In 2018, Dr Wang was awarded the SingHealth Health Manpower Development Plan (HMDP) Fellowship. This supported his subspecialty training in laparoscopic oncological surgery at Inselspital in Bern, Switzerland, and the Oscar Lambret Cancer Centre in Lille, France.</span></p><p><span>Prior to joining private practice, he was the Head of the Gynaecological Cancer Centre at KKH, the first centre outside the United Kingdom to be recognised by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) as an accredited training centre. In recognition of his contributions, he was admitted as a Fellow of the RCOG (FRCOG).</span></p><p><span>In addition to clinical work, Dr Wang is actively involved in research and medical education. His research interests include sentinel lymph node biopsy and surgical innovation in gynaecological oncology. He has presented at local and international conferences, and his work has been published in peer-reviewed medical journals.</span></p><p><span>Dr Wang holds academic appointments at all three medical schools in Singapore, he is a Clinical Assistant Professor at Duke-NUS Medical School, an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (NTU), and a Clinical Lecturer at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS). He is also a Physician Faculty Member of the SingHealth Obstetrics and Gynaecology Residency Programme.</span></p><p><span>Additionally, he’s also a Fellow of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, and sits on the Councils of the College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Singapore, and the Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Singapore (OGSS), where he contributes to the professional development of the speciality and its educational events.</span></p><p><span>Dr Wang is accredited to perform surgical procedures at Thomson Medical Centre.</span></p>

Dr Wang Junjie

Meet Our Recommended Gynaecology Specialist

Dysmenorrhea: the term for painful periods. Learn how these menstrual cramps may be linked to endometriosis, which is when tissue lining grows in other places.

Severe Period Pain — Is Endometriosis the Culprit?

<h2>What is heavy menses?</h2><p>Heavy menses, or menorrhagia, is a distressing condition that affects 1 in 20 women of reproductive age. Despite its severe symptoms, many women delay seeking treatment as pain isn’t always an accompanying factor. If you suffer from excessive menstrual blood loss that interferes with your physical, social, emotional and/or material quality of life, then you are probably suffering from this condition.</p><h2>How do I know if I have heavy menses?</h2><p>Common symptoms of heavy menses include:</p><ul><li>Feeling tired, dizzy, or unwell during and/or after menses.</li><li>Passage of large blood clots.</li><li>Flooding through clothes or bedding.</li><li>Need for double sanitary protection, such as the use of tampons with sanitary napkins.</li></ul><p>Sometimes, heavy menses can occur with other symptoms, such as severe pain. Prolonged or regular heavy menses can also lead to anaemia. If this is not detected and treated, a person with a low blood count will feel lethargic, which can also give rise to issues such as depression, risk of infections, heart problems like an irregular heartbeat and heart failure, and even pregnancy complications.</p><h2>What causes heavy menses and how is it diagnosed?</h2><p>Very often, there is no specific cause for heavy menses. But common causes can include polyps, adenomyosis, fibroids, malignancy and/or hyperplasia (such as uterine, cervical cancer), a clotting disorder, ovulation/ endometrial dysfunction, infections, or iatrogenic, which means that it’s caused by medication or treatment.</p><p>To determine if heavy menses is a symptom of something more serious, your doctor may order tests such as:</p><ol><li>A transvaginal ultrasound scan to detect structural abnormalities of the womb and ovaries,</li><li>An internal (vaginal) examination to check for vaginal and cervical abnormalities,</li><li>A <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/women-health/gynaecology/pap-smear" target="_blank">Pap smear</a> to screen for cervical cancer, and</li><li>Vaginal swabs for vaginal infection.</li></ol><p>For women who are not suitable for internal scans or examination, their doctor may perform a more limited transabdominal scan and/or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan.</p><p>With the findings of these tests, your doctor will typically also order blood tests if appropriate.</p><p>For women with suspected submucosal fibroids, polyps, or endometrial disease, your doctor will also recommend a hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy to detect cancer and abnormalities of the womb lining. He/She may also ask you to keep a menstrual diary to assess and understand your condition, as well as to monitor the result of any treatment.</p><h2>What treatment options are there?</h2><p>You won’t need any treatment if the condition does not interfere with your daily life. However, treatment will be recommended if anaemia or a serious cause for heavy menses is found.</p><p>Iron tablets can correct the anaemia but does not address the underlying problem and is not appropriate as a long-term treatment for heavy menses. Non-hormonal medication, such as tranexamic acid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can be taken to reduce blood loss. Alternatively, hormonal methods such as Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system^^, combined hormonal contraception, or cyclical oral progestogens, can be considered.</p><p>For women with sub-mucosal fibroids or a fibroid larger than 3cm, non-hormonal and hormonal medications can help relieve heavy bleeding. To fully eliminate the fibroid, one would have to undergo surgery (myomectomy) or uterine artery embolisation (shrinking the fibroid by blocking its blood supply).</p><p>The definitive treatment for heavy menses is the removal of the womb’s lining. Surgical options include endometrial ablation – a thin tube-like instrument is used to remove the lining of the womb. Modern and safer methods will involve using a balloon filled with hot fluid, or a netted device using radio frequency to remove the lining of the womb.</p><p>There is also the option of a hysterectomy, which removes the womb together with its lining and typically its cervix. This is done using keyhole or open surgery. While this procedure stops your menses, it doesn’t mean that you are menopausal, since your ovaries will continue to produce female hormones.</p><p>Heavy menses is a common but treatable condition. Consult a gynaecologist early to exclude the possibility of cancer and regain your quality of life!</p><p></p><p>^A procedure that lets your doctor look inside your uterus in order to diagnose and treat causes of abnormal bleeding.</p><p>^^A plastic device inserted in the uterus that slowly releases the hormone to prevent pregnancy.</p>

Do you have heavy menses? Learn about the causes, signs, and treatments for heavy menses (menorrhagia) from a Thomson Gynaecologist, Dr Tan Toh Lick.

Heavy Menses (Menorrhagia): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

<p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">An abnormal menstruation can certainly be a cause for concern among women, especially when it involves spotting for an extended period.&nbsp;</span></p><h2>What is extended spotting after a period?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Spotting is when light bleeding occurs outside of a regular menstrual period, and can indicate an underlying health issue if it continues for an extended period. Extended spotting colours can vary from pink to brown to bright red, and may be accompanied by cramping or discomfort.</span></p><h2>What causes extended spotting?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Extended spotting can be unsettling, but understanding its potential causes and when to seek medical advice is crucial.&nbsp;</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Hormonal imbalances</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> disorders can disrupt menstrual cycles and cause prolonged spotting.</span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">can lead to irregular periods and spotting due to hormonal imbalances.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Transitioning to menopause</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> often involves hormone fluctuations that can cause spotting.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Reproductive system issues</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Uterine fibroids (non-cancerous growths)</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> in the uterus may result in heavy periods and spotting.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Endometriosis</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> is when tissue similar to uterus lining grows in other places within your abdomen or pelvic area, and can cause spotting and significant pain.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> infections (of the reproductive organs) can lead to prolonged spotting.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Contraceptive methods</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Hormonal and copper intrauterine devices (IUDs)</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> can cause spotting, especially in the first few months after insertion.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Starting new birth control pills</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, missing doses, or switching pills may lead to spotting.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Pregnancy-related issues</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Implantation bleeding</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> can cause light spotting during early pregnancy when the fertilised egg attaches to the uterine lining.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> can lead to abnormal bleeding and require immediate medical attention.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Other medical conditions</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Cervical polyps or lesions</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> can cause irregular bleeding and spotting.</span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Blood disorders or conditions</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> that affect clotting can lead to extended bleeding episodes.</span></p></li></ul><h2>Spotting symptoms to monitor</h2><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Changes in bleeding patterns</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> — Seek guidance if you begin to notice a significant change in your regular menstrual cycle or bleeding patterns.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Accompanying pain</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> — Take note if you start experiencing severe cramps, abdominal pain, or discomfort that comes with spotting.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Unusual discharge</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> — Detecting any unusual vaginal discharge that accompanies spotting, especially if it has an odour or smell.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>General symptoms</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> — Feeling fatigued, dizzy, or other systemic symptoms that occur along with your spotting.</span></p></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If you experience extended spotting, consult with a healthcare provider to find the underlying cause. By staying informed and proactive, you can better manage your reproductive health.</span></p><h2>When to seek medical attention</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">You should start seeking medical attention if…</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">…you start to experience intense or severe pain that is not relieved by over-the-counter medications.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">…your spotting occurs frequently between periods or continues for more than a week.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">… you observe any bleeding during pregnancy.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">…your spotting that turns into heavy bleeding that requires multiple pad or tampon changes within a short time.</span></p></li></ul><h2>FAQ</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What is the difference between spotting and a period?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Spotting is light bleeding that occurs outside of your regular menstrual cycle, while a period involves heavier bleeding that lasts for several days as part of the menstrual cycle.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Can stress cause extended spotting?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Yes, significant stress can impact hormonal balance and lead to irregular bleeding or spotting.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Is spotting always a sign of a serious problem?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Not necessarily. Spotting can be caused by benign factors like hormonal fluctuations or starting birth control. However, persistent or heavy spotting should be seen to by a healthcare provider.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Can I get pregnant if I am experiencing extended spotting?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Yes, it is possible to become pregnant even when experiencing spotting, especially if the spotting is related to hormonal changes. If pregnancy is a concern, taking a pregnancy test or consulting with your healthcare provider is advisable.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How is extended spotting diagnosed?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Diagnosis may involve a combination of a physical exam, pelvic exam, ultrasound, blood tests, and sometimes hysteroscopy or biopsy to identify the underlying cause.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What treatments are available for extended spotting?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Treatment depends on the cause. Hormonal imbalances may be treated with birth control pills or hormone therapy. Infections require antibiotics, while structural issues like fibroids may need surgical solutions.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Can lifestyle changes help manage extended spotting?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Yes, maintaining a healthy weight, managing stress, and ensuring proper nutrition can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce spotting.</span></p>

Abnormal menstruation can be concerning, especially spotting for an extended period. Find out more here on extended spotting and what symptoms to look out for.

Abnormal Menstruation – Why am I experiencing extended spotting?

<h2>What is amenorrhea?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Amenorrhea is abnormal uterine bleeding characterised by the absence of menstrual periods in a female of reproductive age. It can be a transient, intermittent or permanent condition.</span></p><img src="https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/bltc385d8393cd8f2ae/66acbc4b5da6e34031700372/image.png?branch=production" width="563" height="auto" max-width="563" style="max-width: 563px;width: 563;height: auto;"/><p><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What is menarche?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Menarche is the 1st menstrual period occuring when women reach a reproductive age, with the median age being around 12.4 years, though this varies somewhat from person to person. Menarche usually occurs within 2-3 years of initial breast development, which occurs between the ages of 8 &amp; 10 years, known as thelarche.</span></p><h2>Primary amenorrhea:</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Primary amenorrhea is failing to have menarche, and is usually the result of a genetic or anatomical abnormality. It is diagnosed when there is no menarche by 15 years old in the presence of normal growth and signs of puberty.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What causes primary amenorrhea?</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities such as turner syndrome</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Delays in growth and puberty</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hypothalamus or pituitary gland disorders</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Reproductive tract anomalies or disorders with the development of the uterus, vagina, or hymen, such as vaginal agenesis or an imperforate hymen</span></p></li></ul><h2>Secondary amenorrhea:</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for ≥ (greater than or equal to) 3 months in girls or women who had regular menstrual cycles; or the absence of menses for ≥ 6 months in girls or women who had irregular menses with at least one previous spontaneous menstruation.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What causes secondary amenorrhea?</span></h3><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Stress</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rapid weight loss</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Low body weight or body-mass-index</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pregnancy (the most common cause in women of reproductive age)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Cushing syndrome</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Disorder of thyroid glands</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hormonal medications (oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland (e.g hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary adenoma, lactational amenorrhea during breastfeeding or use of antipsychotics)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Acquired anatomic reproductive tract abnormalities that interfere with menstrual function or obstruct the menstrual flow (E.g Asherman syndrome or cervical stenosis)</span></p></li></ul><h2>When should I see my doctor about primary amenorrhoea?&nbsp;</h2><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>At 13 years old, if no menses has begun</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, along with no signs of puberty (complete absence of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development/pubic and axillary hair or growth spurt)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>At 15 years old, if no menses have occurred but</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> there is presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>If younger than 15 years old but</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> are amenorrheic with cyclic pelvic pain, then you should be evaluated for possible outflow tract obstruction</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>3 years after thelarche</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (onset of breast development) but menarche has yet to occur</span></p></li></ul><h2>When should I be checked for secondary amenorrhea?</h2><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>If you have had regular menses previously but</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> missed menstrual cycles for ≥ 3 months</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>If you have had irregular menses previously but</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> missed menstrual cycles for ≥6 months</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Less than</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 9 menses a year or cycle length greater than 38 days (oligomenorrhea)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>A new and persistent change</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> in your menstrual pattern (frequency, volume, duration)</span></p></li></ul><h2>How can I prevent amenorrhea?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Maintaining good overall health can help prevent some causes of secondary amenorrhea. You can try to have a healthy lifestyle, follow a healthy diet, get adequate sleep, find ways to reduce your stress and get regular gynaecological appointments.</span></p><h2>What are the risk factors of amenorrhoea?</h2><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Stress</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chronic illness</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Eating disorder</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Over-exercising</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Obesity or being underweight</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Poor diet or depletion of nutrients</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Genetic or chromosomal condition</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Family history of amenorrhea or early menopause</span></p></li></ul><h2>How is amenorrhea diagnosed and investigated?</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Medical History</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Your comprehensive menstrual history, medical conditions, family history, medications, diet history, exercise habits, stress, lifestyles, exposure to chemotherapy or radiation, may be requested by your healthcare provider.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Physical examination</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Besides physical examinations, your doctor may examine your BMI, the presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics and conduct pregnancy tests breast and pelvic exams.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Breast bud and sexual hair development</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The development of breast buds helps to indicate the presence of oestrogen, presumably from functional ovaries, while the growth of sexual hair indicates the presence of androgens.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Ultrasonography and resonance imaging</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A pelvic ultrasonography may help identify abnormalities of the uterus, cervix and vagina or absent organs, while magnetic resonance imaging can detect hypothalamic or pituitary lesions.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Karyotype analysis</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A doctor may conduct a karyotype analysis to aid in the identification of genetic problems.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Serum hormone testing&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Serum hormone tests can measure the results of your follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, thyroid function test (TFT), B-HCG, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Both hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy are indicated in cases of possible Asherman syndrome.</span></p><h2>What are the possible complications of amenorrhea?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Usually associated with specific underlying conditions, amenorrhea complications include:</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Infertility</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Psychological effects (anxiety, depression)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Metabolic and cardiovascular disease</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Impending ovarian failure</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Galactorrhea</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Vasomotor symptoms</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Osteoporotic fractures</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Endometrial hyperplasia</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hyperandrogenism effects (virilisation, hirsutism, and ache)</span></p></li></ul><h2>How can amenorrhea be treated?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ideally, treatment should be directed at correcting the underlying root cause. Amenorrhea treatment may include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, surgery, and mental health services.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Lifestyle and diet</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Most people with amenorrhea can benefit from a healthy diet, exercise and stress management.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Cause for surgery</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In the case of outflow tract abnormalities, surgery may be indicated. In other cases, correcting the underlying pathology should restore normal ovarian endocrine function and prevent the development of osteoporosis.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Dopamine agonists</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Dopamine agonists are effective in treating hyperprolactinemia. In most cases, this treatment restores normal ovarian endocrine function and ovulation</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Hormone therapy</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hormone replacement therapy is required to achieve peak bone density if you have an underlying pathology that cannot be reversed. In conditions leading to oestrogen deficiency, hormone replacement therapy may also be required to maintain bone density.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Underlying medical issues</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Women with evidence of hyperandrogenism and disordered menses have many other medical issues that must be addressed (e.g PCOS with associated diabetes and hypertension), weight loss and hormone therapy are mainstay of treatment.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Other disorders</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Other than pregnancy, most other disorders that cause amenorrhea may require referrals for treatment. For adolescents with delay and anovulation, the goal should be the restoration of ovulatory cycles. Otherwise, oestrogen-progestin therapy is indicated.</span></p><h2>Will I need surgery for amenorrhea?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Surgery for amenorrhea is rare. Certain conditions might need surgery such as an imperforate hymen, pituitary tumour or uterine scar tissues. It is also important to consume enough calcium and vitamin D to help prevent osteoporosis.</span></p><h2>Will my period return after amenorrhea?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Usually, your period will return once you treat the underlying causes. It may take some time to become regular again.</span></p><p></p>

Amenorrhoea is the term for no periods, which can be a short-term, long-term or permanent condition. Learn more about primary and secondary amenorrhoea here.

Amenorrhoea (No Period)

<p>When trying to get pregnant, it can be surprising how much there is to learn about your menstrual cycle, fertility, and ovulation that you didn't know about beforehand. And it may be the first time you ask yourself: Is my period normal? In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), if your period arrives earlier than expected, it is considered that the heat is causing reckless movement of your blood and the Qi is unable to govern that blood you need to expel. On the other hand, if your period arrives later than your date, this may be an indication of blood deficiency or blood stagnation. In addition to flow irregularities, menstrual blood can run the spectrum of hues, from watery pink, crimson red, bright red, dark red and even dark purplish red.</p><p><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/find-an-expert?specialization=Traditional+Chinese+Medicine" target="_self">TCM fertility physicians</a> in Singapore may remind their patients that for a woman, menstrual blood can be an important gauge for their health and fertility.</p><h2>So What Can Your Period Colour Mean for Your Fertility and Health?</h2><p>&nbsp;</p><img asset_uid="blt1087c42920cf2959" src="https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/blt1087c42920cf2959/657fffe424b66f6201833ff8/CRIMSON-red-680x680.webp?branch=production" alt="CRIMSON-red-680x680.webp" height="auto"/><h3>Crimson Red</h3><p>In TCM, the blood is the basis of a woman’s makeup hence the colour of the period can be used as a guide for fertility. On average, the cycle length is between 28 to 35 days and the flow should require roughly 1 regular pad every 3 to 4 hours. Also, the colour of the blood should ideally be crimson red. During your period, you are not only losing blood, but you are also shedding your endometrium lining, so it is normal to see some small pea-sized blood clots as well.</p><h3>Pale Red or Pink</h3><p>You need enough density of red blood cells to make healthy blood. If your menstrual blood is watery or pink, you may have difficulty making enough red blood cells or they may not contain enough iron. Common causes of pale blood include being anaemic, eating an imbalanced diet, or poor digestion/absorption of nutrients. From a TCM perspective, pale red blood with watery consistency usually comes from a deficiency in Spleen Qi. As the Spleen’s job is to turn nutrients from food into Qi and blood, a weak Spleen will be unable to produce enough blood for a proper period. TCM fertility treatment can assist to nourish and tonify the blood to ensure the endometrial lining is thick and blood-rich in order for embryo implantation to take place for a successful pregnancy. Don’t be alarmed if you find yourself spotting pale red blood for 1 or 2 days during mid-cycle. This may just be an implantation bleeding. There is no need to worry unless the bleeding becomes heavier or if it is accompanied by cramps.</p><h3>Bright Red</h3><p>If your menstrual blood is bright red your body temperature may be affecting the quality of the blood. If your basal body temperatures are too high in the early part of your cycle (above 36.6 °C), your blood will have a tendency to be brighter than normal. This may be accompanied by feeling thirsty, sore throat, yellow vaginal discharge or pelvic pain. High body temperature also interrupts the timing of ovulation, which negatively affects your fertility.</p><h3>Dark Red</h3><p>Conversely, if your basal body temperatures are too low, your menstrual blood can take on a darker red colour. Low body temperatures can cause sluggishness in the uterine blood circulation and contraction of uterine smooth muscles hence you may experience cramps or have more blood clots. This can also be due to Liver Qi stagnation, where the smooth flow of Qi is impeded. In such cases, you may have symptoms such as PMS, breast tenderness, irritability and the tendency to get stressed easily. TCM can help to activate the Qi and blood flow, warm the meridians and dispel the cold to increase the chances of fertility.</p><h3>Dark Purplish Red</h3><p>In some cases, the blood may present as dark purplish red and usually come with large clots, intense, sharp, stabbing cramps and heavy flow. This can be seen in women with a history of fibroids and endometriosis. Women with very dark menstrual blood may have difficulties with fertility and conceiving, and may also put the mother at a greater risk for clotting problems that can affect the placenta in pregnancy.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><img width="517" height="531" src="https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/bltb2e6deb9d1088d95/68947102ed2af6ab9f33b478/Period_and_Fertility_TCM.png?branch=production" alt="Period_and_Fertility_TCM.png" max-width="517" style="width: 517px; height: 531px;max-width: 517px;width: 517px;height: 531px;"/><h2>Why It Matters &amp; How Acupuncture and TCM can Help</h2><p>Although acupuncture and TCM have gained popularity in modern times, they have been practiced for over 3,500 years and remain one of the most widely recognised forms of complementary medicine worldwide. In the context of fertility, acupuncture helps by balancing the body’s energy (Qi), while Chinese herbal medicine is used to preserve health, prevent illness, and restore vitality.</p><p>In TCM, the internal organs are seen as interconnected systems, influencing not only your physical health but also your reproductive potential. One important, observable sign of this internal balance is the colour and quality of your menstrual blood. Depending on where you fall in the colour spectrum, we can better understand your body’s underlying patterns and provide targeted treatment to support your <a href="https://shop.thomsonmedical.com/tcm-fertility-wellness/" target="_blank"><strong>fertility journey.</strong></a></p><p>Consistently seeing crimson-red menstrual blood with moderate flow is usually a sign of healthy Qi, hormonal balance, and reproductive vitality. However, if your period tends to be pale or watery, includes excessive clotting, or shows unusual colours—especially when paired with symptoms like pain or irregular cycles—it could point to imbalances such as Spleen Qi deficiency, Blood stasis, or even conditions like PCOS, fibroids, or anemia.</p><p>Taking an informed look at your period blood is a simple yet powerful first step toward understanding your hormonal health and fertility potential. If you're concerned about your cycle or planning for conception, consider scheduling a consultation with a TCM physician to receive <a href="https://shop.thomsonmedical.com/tcm-fertility-wellness/" target="_blank">personalised, holistic support.</a></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><em>Thomson Chinese Medicine is a </em><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/locations?speciality=Thomson+Chinese+Medicine+%28TCM%29&page=1" target="_self"><em>TCM clinic in Singapore</em></a><em> that is a member of the Thomson Medical Group. For menstrual and fertility concerns, </em><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/appointment" target="_self"><em>schedule an appointment&nbsp;</em></a><em>with us today.</em></p>

When trying to get pregnant, it can be surprising how much there is to learn about your menstrual cycle, fertility, and ovulation that you didn’t know about beforehand. And it may be the first time you ask yourself: Is my period normal?

What the Colour of Your Period Tells About Your Health and Fertility

See our list of Gynaecologists for Menstruation Problems

Irregular Menses

Gynaecologists for Menstruation Problems

Irregular Menstruation

For women, pain or discomfort in the lower left abdomen is often caused by conditions such as diverticulitis, cysts, or infections. Read to find out more.

Lower Left Abdominal Pain in Women: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

For women, lower right abdominal pain or discomfort may often be due to appendicitis, ovarian cysts, or infections. Read to find out more.

Lower Right Abdominal Pain in Women: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

See our list of Gynaecologists for Abdominal Pain

Abdomen Pain

Gynaecologists at Thomson Medical

Everything you need to know about vaginal cysts or vaginal lumps, vaginal acne, and Bartholin’s cyst. Read more to find out about the symptoms and treatments.

Vaginal Cysts or Vaginal Lumps: Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatments

<h2>What is normal vaginal discharge?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Vaginal discharge, also known as leukorrhea, is a fluid that typically appears clear or whitish. This fluid is produced by glands inside vagina, cervix and uterus, serving an essential housekeeping function in the female reproductive system. It helps carry away dead cells and bacteria, keeping the vagina clean and healthy.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Most of the time, vaginal discharge is perfectly normal. Its colour and consistency may vary throughout the month. Different age groups may experience different amounts of vaginal discharge. Factors such as breastfeeding, ovulating and even sexual arousal can influence the texture and amount of vaginal discharge.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Understanding the types and causes of vaginal discharge is important. Here’s a breakdown of what you need to know and when to seek medical advice.</span></p><h2>What is abnormal vaginal discharge?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Vaginal discharge is considered abnormal when you notice a significant change in the smell, colour, texture. Signs to look out for include:</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Fishy odour</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Frothy or cottage cheese-like consistency</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Turns a shade of grey, green or yellow&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Vaginal discharge with burning, itching or pain sensation</span></p></li></ul><h2>What are different types of vaginal discharge and their possible causes?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Normal vaginal discharge is typically watery, clear or whitish and often varies with hormonal changes due to your menstrual cycles, pregnancy or menopause. However, a change in colour or consistency can indicate a potential issue. Here are some types of discharges and their possible causes:</span></p><ul><li><h4>Blood or brown discharge</h4><ul><li><p>May indicate irregular menstrual cycles, <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/cervical-cancer-discharge" target="_blank">cervical cancer discharge</a>, or discharge associated with other conditions such as endometrial cancer.<span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Yellow-green discharge</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Often suggests a bacterial infection like trichomoniasis&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Cream cheese, thick and curdy discharge</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Characteristics of candidiasis (yeast infection)&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>White liquid discharge</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis, a type of bacterial infection</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h2>What is the treatment for abnormal vaginal discharge?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The treatment for vaginal discharge depends on its underlying cause. Before prescribing treatment, your healthcare provider may take a sample of the discharge or do a Pap smear test to collect cells from your cervix. The sample will then be sent to the laboratory for diagnosis.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Here are some common treatment options based on the cause:</span></p><ul><li><h4>Bacterial infection</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Treated with antibiotics cream or pills</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Yeast infection</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Treatment with antifungal pessary that can be inserted into your vagina</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h2>FAQ</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">When should I go to the doctor for an abnormal discharge?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider if you notice any major changes in the colour, texture and amount of vaginal discharge. This can include a foul-smelling or fishy odour, a frothy or cottage cheese-like consistency, or if it turns a shade of grey, green or yellow.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Is it normal to have a lot of vaginal discharge every day?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It is normal for vaginal discharge to vary in amount from time to time. However, it can be abnormal if you notice a sudden unusual large amount of vaginal discharge. It is important to consult your healthcare provider as it may signify a sign of infection.&nbsp;</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How to prevent abnormal vaginal discharge?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">To reduce your chances of developing vaginal infections and abnormal discharge, consider the following preventative measures:</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Keep your vagina clean by gentle washing with water and mild soap outside. It is not necessary to put soap directly into your vagina.&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Avoid douching and using feminine products or sprays in your vagina area.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">After using the toilet, always wipe from front to back to avoid bacteria entering your vagina and causing infection.&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Wear loose-fitting clothing to promote airflow and comfort.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Change your undergarments frequently to maintain hygiene.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Practise safe sex by wearing condoms to prevent infections.&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Does douching reduce vaginal discharge?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Douching is a method to wash out vagina, with a mixture of water and vinegar. There are various types of douches containing antiseptics and fragrances sold in the supermarkets and drugstores. However, douching is ineffective to get rid of the strong unpleasant odour of vaginal discharge. In fact, douching increases the risk of infection.&nbsp;</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Will abnormal vaginal discharge go away on its own?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Abnormal vaginal discharge will not go away on its own if it is caused by infection. It is advisable for you to seek medical attention if you experience abnormal vaginal discharge.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Keeping an eye on your vaginal discharge can help you track what’s typical for your body and notice any changes promptly. Anything out of the ordinary should be discussed or consulted with your healthcare provider. Remember, diagnosing and treating infections early can prevent long-term complications.</span></p>

Vaginal discharge is a clear whitish fluid that comes from your vagina. An abnormal discharge may indicate an underlying condition. Read more to find out.

Vaginal Discharge: Causes, Colours, and Treatments

<p><span>Before getting into what causes vaginal and vulvar itching, it’s worth going over some basic terminology.</span></p><h2>What is the vulva?</h2><p><span>The vulva, is the external genitalia of the female, which includes the mons pubis, labia majora (outer lips), labia minora (inner lips), clitoris, perineum (the tissue between the vagina and anus) and the external openings of the urethra and vagina.</span></p><h2>What is a vagina?</h2><p><span>The vagina is the muscular canal that connects the cervix (the opening of the womb) to the vaginal opening.</span></p><h2>What is the difference between vulvitis and vaginitis?</h2><p><span>Both vulvitis and vaginitis refer to the inflammation that affects your reproductive parts, but they target different areas:</span></p><ul><li>Vulvitis<ul><li>The inflammation affecting your genital area ‘<strong>vulva</strong>’ (the <strong>outer</strong> part of your reproductive anatomy)</li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/vaginitis" target="_blank">Vaginitis</a><ul><li>The inflammation affecting your <strong>vagina mucosa</strong> (the <strong>inner</strong> part of your reproductive anatomy)</li></ul></li><li>Vulvovaginitis<ul><li>When the inflammation affects <strong>both</strong> your vulva and your vagina.</li></ul></li></ul><h2>What are the symptoms of vulvitis or vaginitis?</h2><p><span>Symptoms which are indicative of vulvitis or vaginitis may include:</span></p><ul><li><span>Itching</span></li><li><span>Burning sensation</span></li><li><span>Vaginal discharge</span></li><li><span>Cracks over your vulvar skin</span></li><li><span>Blisters over the vulva that may burst, ooze and form a crust</span></li><li><span>Redness and swelling on your inner labia (lips of your vagina) and your vulva skin</span></li><li><span>Thick, whitish patches over vulvar skin</span></li><li><span>Painful sexual intercourse</span></li></ul><h2>What are the causes of vulvitis and vaginitis?</h2><h3>1) Chemical irritants</h3><ul><li><span>Dyed or perfumed toilet paper</span></li><li><span>Scented pads, pantyliners, or tampons</span></li><li><span>Bubble baths, soaps, vaginal sprays, and douches</span></li><li><span>Laundry detergents and fabric softeners</span></li><li><span>Spermicides</span></li></ul><h3>2) Environmental factors</h3><ul><li><span>Prolonged wearing of wet bathing suits or sweaty workout clothes</span></li><li><span>Chlorinated swimming pools or hot tubs</span></li><li><span>Synthetic underwear</span></li></ul><h3>3) Foreign bodies</h3><ul><li><span>Forgotten tampons or vaginal pessaries</span></li></ul><h3>4) Physical activities</h3><ul><li><span>Cycling or horseback riding</span></li></ul><h3>5) Health conditions</h3><ul><li><span>Skin conditions like <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/dermatology/eczema" target="_blank">eczema</a> or <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/dermatology/dermatitis" target="_blank">dermatitis</a></span></li><li><span>Fungal or bacterial infections (<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/vaginal-yeast-infection" target="_blank">yeast infections</a>, <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/bacterial-vaginosis" target="_blank">bacterial vaginosis</a>)</span></li><li><span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/dermatology/sti" target="_blank">STIs</a> and viral infections (<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/dermatology/genital-skin-conditions" target="_blank">genital herpes</a>)</span></li><li><span>Vaginal atrophy during menopause</span></li><li><span>Alkaline vaginal pH due to menstrual blood or semen</span></li></ul><h3>6) Other factors</h3><ul><li><span>Radiation therapy over the pelvic area</span></li></ul><h3>When should I see a doctor?</h3><p>You should seek advice from your doctor if you experience any of the following:</p><ul><li>Symptoms that do not resolve spontaneously or persist for more than a week</li><li>A change in usual vaginal discharge in colour, especially if the discharge is green/yellow/grey colour</li><li>Frothy or has a cottage cheese-like texture of discharge</li><li>Foul odour of discharge</li><li><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/sti-symptoms">Symptoms following sex with a new partner or suspicion of having STIs</a></li><li>Discomfort during sexual intercourse</li><li>Pain or tenderness in the genital area</li><li>Ulcers or blisters on the vulva</li><li>Genital redness or swelling</li></ul><h3>What to do when I feel my vulva/vagina is irritated?</h3><ol><li><h4>Stop using irritating products</h4><ul><li><p>Discontinue any feminine hygiene products, powders, sprays, soap, detergents,that may irritate your vulva.</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Wear breathable undergarments</h4><ul><li><p>Wear loose-fitting, breathable white cotton undergarments to air out your vulva and vagina.</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Take regular sitz bath</h4><ul><li><p>A shallow, warm bath can help to relieve itching and burning sensation.</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Avoid scratching</h4><ul><li><p>Instead of scratching, you can try patting or tapping the itchy area. Scratching over sensitive vaginal tissues may worsen irritation and may lead to infection.</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Use a cold pack</h4><ul><li><p>Using a cold pack or a cool bath can help cool down the affected area to reduce sense of itchiness</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Consider antihistamine</h4><ul><li><p>You can take an antihistamine that might reduce itching and make you sleepy</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Use hydrocortisone cream</h4><ul><li><p>Hydrocortisone cream or ointment can reduce the irritation and itching of the vulva. Make sure that you should not put hydrocortisone cream inside your vagina. It can increase inflammation or cause atrophy (dryness and irritation).</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Seek medications in cases of infection</h4><ul><li><p>Antibiotics or antifungal medications if it is caused by vaginal infections.</p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Oestrogen creams or tablets</h4><ul><li><p>Menopause-related itching may be treated with oestrogen cream or tablets.</p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>FAQ</h2><h3><span>Who is vulnerable to vulvitis?</span></h3><p><span>Anyone with a vulva can experience vulvitis, but it is more common in females with lower oestrogen levels, as in children and post-menopausal women.</span></p><p>Low oestrogen levels can make the vulvar tissues thinner and drier, thus increasing the risk of injury and inflammation.</p><h3><span>How is vulvitis or vaginitis diagnosed?</span></h3><p><span>Vulvitis or vaginitis is diagnosed through a medical history and physical examination. This includes a pelvic exam to check for vaginal discharge and noting its colour and odour.</span></p><h3><span>Is it normal if my vagina itches during my periods?</span></h3><p><span>It isn’t uncommon that some people might experience itchiness over the vaginal area during the menstrual period. It might be caused by irritation that might resolve spontaneously. You can try changing to unscented tampons or pads.</span></p><p>Sometimes, it could be related to hormonal changes during the menstrual period, thus you might feel vaginal irritation too before or after your periods. However, it is advisable to visit a doctor if the irritation doesn’t resolve itself.&nbsp;</p><h3><span>How to prevent vulvitis or vaginitis?</span></h3><ol><li><h4>Hygiene practices</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Toilet paper: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">avoid scented toilet paper.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Wiping: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">always wipe front to back to keep bacteria away from your vulva and vagina</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Cleaning: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">use mild, unscented soaps and warm water, or just warm water.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Feminine products: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">avoid douching and scented tampons, pads, and pantyliners.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Clothing</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Post-exercise:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> change into clean, dry clothes after swimming or exercising.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Underwear:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> wear breathable, loose-fitting cotton underwear.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Tight clothing:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> avoid tight clothing that increases heat in the genital area.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Menstrual hygiene</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Change menstrual pads or tampons every 4-5 hours.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Additional tips</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Shaving/waxing:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> limit shaving or waxing of the genital area.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Diaper changes:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> regularly change diapers for infant girls.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Sexual health: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">use condoms to prevent STIs.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Lubricants: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">use water-based lubricants for vaginal dryness.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By following these practices, you can reduce the risk of vulvitis and vaginitis.</span><span></span><span></span></p><h3><span>How long does vulvitis/vaginitis last?</span></h3><p><span>Itching and other symptoms can usually be relieved within a few weeks of your diagnosis, depending on what's causing your vulvitis/vaginitis.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>

Vaginal and vulvar itching are common and have many potential causes. Read more to know about their causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Vaginal Itching: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

<h2>What is vaginal yeast infection?</h2><p><span>A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of yeast organisms, most commonly Candida albicans, in the vaginal area. While Candida species are naturally present in the vagina, an overgrowth can cause an imbalance and lead to infection.</span></p><h2>What causes a vaginal yeast infection?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The primary causative organism of vaginal yeast infections is Candida albicans, although other Candida species such as Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis may also be involved. These yeast organisms thrive in warm, moist environments, such as the vaginal area, especially when conditions favour their growth.&nbsp;</span></p><h2>Types of vaginal yeast infections</h2><h3><span>1) Uncomplicated yeast infections</span></h3><ul><li><span>These refer to mild to moderate yeast infections that occur sporadically and typically respond well to treatment.</span></li></ul><h3><span>2) Recurrent yeast infections</span></h3><ul><li>Recurrent yeast infections are characterised by four or more episodes within a year and may require longer or maintenance treatment to prevent recurrence.<span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></li></ul><h2>What are the signs and symptoms of vaginal yeast infection?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Common symptoms can range from mild to moderate and may include:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Itching or irritation&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Itching or irritation in the vaginal area</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Redness and swelling&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Inflammation of the vulva</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Vaginal discharge&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Burning sensation&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Burning sensation during urination or intercourse</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Soreness or discomfort&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Soreness or general discomfort in the vaginal area</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h2>How to treat a vaginal yeast infection?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Treatment for vaginal yeast infections typically involves antifungal medications to eliminate the overgrowth of yeast and relieve symptoms. Commonly prescribed <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/fungal-infection-treatment" target="_blank">fungal treatments</a> for yeast infections include:</span></p><ul><li><strong>Over-the-counter antifungal creams or suppositories:</strong><ul><li>For treatment of simple yeast infections, these medications are available without a prescription and include clotrimazole, miconazole, and tioconazole.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Prescription oral antifungal medications:</strong><ul><li>In cases of severe or recurrent yeast infections, healthcare providers may prescribe oral antifungal medications such as fluconazole.<span></span><span></span></li></ul></li></ul><h2>FAQ</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Who is at risk of vaginal yeast infection?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Several factors may increase the risk of developing vaginal yeast infections, including:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Antibiotic use&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Increased use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the body, including the vagina. They may kill beneficial bacteria that help keep yeast levels in check, allowing yeast to proliferate and cause an infection.&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Hormonal changes&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, menstruation, or use of oral contraceptives, can alter the vaginal environment and make it more conducive to yeast growth. Pregnancy hormones, in particular, can increase vaginal glycogen levels, providing a food source for yeast.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Medical conditions&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Conditions like diabetes that weaken the immune system can make individuals more susceptible to infections, including vaginal yeast infections.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Sexual activity&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sexual activities, particularly with a new partner or multiple partners, can disrupt the vaginal microbiota and increase the risk of yeast overgrowth.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Medications&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Use of medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants can weaken the immune system and lead to increased risk of infections.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Poor personal hygiene&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Practices such as wearing tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing, staying in wet or damp clothing for extended periods, or using harsh soaps or douches in the vaginal area can disrupt the natural balance of vaginal flora and promote yeast growth.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How to diagnose vaginal yeast infections?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Your healthcare provider may perform the following steps to provide a diagnosis:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Clinical examination</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Perform a pelvic examination to assess the appearance of the vaginal discharge and evaluate for signs of inflammation or infection.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Vaginal pH testing</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Yeast infections typically do not alter vaginal pH, which is usually acidic (pH &lt; 4.5).</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Microscopic examination</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Microscopic examination of vaginal discharge samples may reveal the presence of yeast cells and pseudohyphae, characteristic of Candida infection.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What are the complications of vaginal yeast infections?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While vaginal yeast infections are generally not associated with serious complications, untreated or recurrent infections may lead to:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Chronic or recurrent symptoms</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Persistent or frequently occurring symptoms can affect quality of life.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Vulvovaginal candidiasis</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A more severe form of yeast infection with extensive inflammation and symptoms.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Secondary bacterial infections</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Scratching or excessive moisture in the vaginal area may lead to skin irritation or secondary bacterial infections.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What will happen if I get a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Experiencing a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy is relatively common and usually does not pose a significant risk to the mother or the foetus. However, it's essential to manage the infection promptly to alleviate symptoms and prevent potential complications.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Here's what may happen if you get a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Increased discomfort</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Symptoms of vaginal yeast infections like itching, irritation and abnormal vaginal discharge may be more pronounced during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and increased vaginal moisture.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">No direct harm to the baby</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Vaginal yeast infections generally do not directly harm the developing foetus. The infection is confined to the vaginal area and does not typically affect the baby in the womb.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Risk of complications</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While vaginal yeast infections are usually harmless, untreated or recurrent infections may increase the risk of complications, such as:</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Premature labour or preterm birth</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Increased discomfort and impact on quality of life</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Risk of neonatal candidiasis (thrush) in newborns if the infection is not adequately managed before delivery</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How to prevent vaginal yeast infections?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">To reduce the risk of vaginal yeast infections and prevent recurrence, individuals can take several preventive measures, including:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Only use antibiotics when necessary.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Good hygiene practices&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Wear breathable cotton underwear, avoid tight clothing, and change out of wet clothes promptly.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Healthy lifestyle habits&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Manage blood sugar levels, especially for those with diabetes, and reduce sugar intake.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Careful use of vaginal products&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Avoid douching and use gentle, unscented products to maintain the natural balance of vaginal flora.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p>

A vaginal yeast infection is caused by an overgrowth of fungus called candida. Learn more about its causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

<h2><span></span>What is vaginitis?</h2><p><span>Vaginitis is a condition that involves inflammation or infection of the vagina, which is the muscular canal that extends from the external genitals to the cervix. This condition can cause discomfort and requires attention to ensure proper care and treatment.</span></p><h2>What are the causes of vaginitis?</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">1) Infections</span></h3><p>The most common cause of vaginitis is infection. This can come in different forms:</p><ul><li><strong>Bacterial vaginosis:</strong> This occurs when there is an overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the vagina.</li><li><strong>Vaginal yeast infection:</strong> This is typically caused by Candida species, such as Candida albicans.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Trichomoniasis</strong>: This is caused by a parasite (Trichomonas vaginalis) and is often sexually transmitted.<span></span><span></span></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">2) Hormonal changes</span></h3><p><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span><span>Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as those that occur during pregnancy, menstruation, <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/menopause-treatments" target="_blank">menopause</a>, or while taking hormonal contraceptives, can make women more prone to developing vaginitis.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">3) Irritants&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span>Certain products or behaviours can irritate the vagina and raise the risk of vaginitis. These could be:</span></p><ul><li><span>Douching</span></li><li><span>Using scented soaps, bubble baths, or feminine hygiene products</span></li><li><span>Wearing tight-fitting or non-breathable clothing</span></li><li><span>Allergic reactions to latex condoms, spermicides, or other vaginal products</span></li></ul><h2>What are the symptoms of vaginitis?</h2><p><span>When it comes to vaginitis, the signs and symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause. However, they commonly include:</span></p><ul><li><span>Abnormal vaginal discharge (changes in colour, odour, consistency)</span></li><li><span>Vaginal itching or irritation</span></li><li><span>Pain or discomfort during urination or intercourse</span></li><li><span>Redness or swelling of the vaginal area</span></li><li><span>Burning sensation while urinating</span></li></ul><p><span>These indicators can be key to identifying the type of vaginitis, and thereby guide appropriate treatment.</span></p><h2>Types of vaginitis</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">1) Bacterial vaginosis (BV)</span></h3><ul><li><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/bacterial-vaginosis" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Bacterial vaginosis</span></a><span> is the most common type of vaginitis that occurs due to an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, as a result of overgrowth of harmful bacteria.</span></li><li><span>Symptoms may include thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy odour and itching and irritation in the vaginal area.&nbsp;</span></li><li><span>It is not typically associated with inflammation or pain and is often asymptomatic.</span></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">2) Yeast infection (Candidiasis)</span></h3><ul><li><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/vaginal-yeast-infection" target="_blank">Vaginal yeast infection</a> is c<span>aused by an overgrowth of yeast.</span></li><li><span>Symptoms may include thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge and itching, burning and redness of the vaginal area.</span></li><li><span>It is common and can occur in women of all ages, especially during pregnancy, menstruation, or while taking antibiotics.</span></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">3) Trichomoniasis</span></h3><ul><li><span>Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.</span></li><li><span>Symptoms may include frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a foul odour, Itching and redness of the vaginal area and discomfort during urination or intercourse.</span></li><li><span>It is transmitted through sexual contact and can cause <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/sti-symptoms" target="_blank">STI symptoms</a> in male sexual partners.</span></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">4) </span>Atrophic vaginitis</h3><ul><li><span>Atrophic vaginitis occurs due to the thinning and inflammation of the vaginal tissues, often resulting from hormonal changes associated with menopause.</span></li><li><span>Symptoms may include vaginal dryness and itching, burning, and discomfort during intercourse.</span></li><li><span>More common amongst postmenopausal women and may occur alongside other symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and mood changes.</span></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">5) Chemical vaginitis</span></h3><ul><li><span>Can occur due to exposure to irritants or allergens, such as douches, scented soaps, bubble baths, spermicides, or latex condoms.</span></li><li><span>Symptoms may include vaginal irritation and itching, redness and discomfort.&nbsp;</span></li><li><span>Avoiding exposure to irritants and practising good hygiene can help prevent chemical vaginitis.</span></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">6) Mixed infections</span></h3><ul><li><span>Caused by a combination of factors, such as bacterial vaginosis coexisting with a yeast infection or other types of infections.&nbsp;</span></li><li><span>Symptoms can overlap and require tailored treatment based on the specific pathogens involved.</span></li></ul><h2>FAQs</h2><h3><span>Who is at risk of vaginitis?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Several factors may increase the risk of developing vaginitis, including:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Sexual behaviour</span></h4><ul><li>Having multiple sexual partners or not using condoms during sexual intercourse</li><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Having&nbsp; poor personal hygiene practices</span></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Medical factors</span></h4><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Using antibiotics or corticosteroids</span></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Health conditions</span></h4><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Diabetes or other conditions that weaken the immune system</span></li></ul></li></ul><h3><span>How is vaginitis diagnosed?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">To diagnose vaginitis, your healthcare provider may do the following:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Physical examination&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Perform a pelvic examination to assess the vaginal and cervical tissues for signs of inflammation, discharge, or lesions.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Vaginal swab&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Collect a swab of vaginal discharge to examine under a microscope or send it to a laboratory for culture to identify the causative organism.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">pH testing</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Measure vaginal pH to differentiate between types of vaginitis (e.g.bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection).</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span>These diagnostic methods can help healthcare providers identify the specific type of vaginitis and tailor treatments accordingly.</p><h3>What are the complications of vaginitis?<span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></h3><p><span>Vaginitis, if left untreated can lead to several complications, such as:</span></p><ul><li><span>Recurrent or chronic infections</span></li><li><span>Pelvic inflammatory disease (if caused by sexually transmitted infections)</span></li><li><span>Increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV</span></li><li><span>Psychological distress and decreased quality of life due to persistent symptoms</span></li></ul><h3><span>What are the treatments for vaginitis?</span></h3><p><span>Treatments for vaginitis depend on the underlying cause and may include:</span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Antibiotics</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial vaginosis or other bacterial infections.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Antifungal medications</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Antifungal creams, suppositories, or oral medications are used to treat yeast infections.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Antiparasitic medications</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole can be used to treat trichomoniasis.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Topical steroids</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Steroid creams may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and itching.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Avoidance of irritants</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It's essential to avoid irritants such as douching, scented products, and tight-fitting clothing.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p></li></ul></li></ul>

Vaginitis is the broad medical term for the infection or inflammation of the vagina. Learn more about its causes, symptoms and treatments. 

Vaginitis: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Treatments

<h2>What is vaginal discharge?</h2><p>Vaginal discharge is a natural and essential aspect of female reproductive health. Medically defined as the fluid that comes out of the vagina, discharge is a mixture of cells from the cervix and vagina, bacteria, mucus, and water. This combination serves various purposes, from maintaining vaginal health to indicating fertility status.</p><p>While vaginal discharge is a broad term encompassing different types of fluids, one crucial component—cervical mucus—plays a particularly significant role in fertility. This article focuses on cervical mucus as a key aspect of vaginal discharge and its importance in understanding your fertility cycle.</p><p>In the following sections, we'll explore the characteristics of cervical mucus, factors that influence it, how it evolves throughout your cycle, and its role in conception and early pregnancy. We'll also discuss methods for monitoring your cervical mucus and when to seek professional advice. Understanding this aspect of your body can empower you to make informed decisions about your reproductive health and family planning goals.</p><h2>What is cervical mucus?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Cervical mucus, or cervical fluid, is a natural secretion produced by the cervix. Its consistency and volume change throughout the menstrual cycle due to hormonal fluctuations, primarily oestrogen and progesterone. These changes are key indicators of fertility, as they help sperm survive and navigate through the reproductive tract to fertilise an egg.</span></p><h2>What can cause changes to cervical mucus?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Several factors can influence the characteristics of cervical mucus:</span></p><ol><li><h4>Hormonal changes</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hormones like oestrogen and progesterone significantly impact the production and consistency of cervical mucus.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Medications&nbsp;</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Birth control, antihistamines, and other medications can alter mucus production.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Diet and hydration</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Proper hydration and a balanced diet can affect mucus quality.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Infections or STIs&nbsp;</h4><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/bacterial-vaginosis"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Bacterial vaginosis</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, yeast infections, or </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/dermatology/sti"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">sexually transmitted infections (STIs)</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> can change the colour, consistency, and odour of the cervical mucus.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Medical conditions&nbsp;</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Conditions like </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) or thyroid disorders can disrupt hormonal balance, affecting mucus production.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>Cervical mucus timeline&nbsp;</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Throughout a typical menstrual cycle, cervical mucus undergoes distinct changes:</span></p><ol><li><h4>Menstruation (Days 1-5)</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Little to no cervical mucus is observed due to the presence of menstrual blood.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Post-menstruation (Days 6-9)</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The mucus is typically sparse, dry, or sticky, indicating a low likelihood of fertility.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Pre-ovulation (Days 10-12)</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The mucus becomes creamier and more abundant, a sign of increasing oestrogen levels.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Ovulation (Days 13-15)</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The mucus reaches a peak in terms of volume and elasticity, becoming clear, slippery, and stretchy like raw egg whites. This "fertile mucus" facilitates sperm movement and is a strong indicator of peak fertility.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Post-ovulation (Days 16-21)</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The mucus becomes thicker and less abundant as progesterone rises.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Pre-menstruation (Days 22-28)</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mucus may decrease further or remain thick, signalling a lower likelihood of fertility.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The optimal time for conception is during the ovulation phase (around days 13-15). During this period, cervical mucus becomes clear, slippery, and stretchy, resembling raw egg whites. This "fertile mucus" creates an ideal environment for sperm, significantly increasing the chances of conception.</span></p><h2>Cervical mucus in early pregnancy</h2><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In early pregnancy, cervical mucus can remain thick and white or become more abundant due to increased oestrogen levels. Some women may notice a continuous discharge that is milky white and odourless, which is normal.&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">However, if you notice a strong odour or experience </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/itchy-vagina"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">itching</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> or burning, consult a </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/find-a-doctor/thomson-medical-gynae"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">gynaecologist</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> as it may indicate an infection.</span></p></li></ul><h2>Cervical mucus after conception</h2><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">After conception, changes in cervical mucus can be an early sign of pregnancy.&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Typically, cervical mucus becomes thicker and creamier and may increase in volume to protect the developing pregnancy from infection.</span></p></li></ul><h2>How can I check my cervical mucus at home?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There are several methods to check cervical mucus, which can help to track your ovulation cycle:</span></p><ol><li><h4>Manually&nbsp;</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Insert a clean finger into the vagina to collect a sample of mucus from the cervix. Stretch the mucus between two fingers to assess its consistency.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>With toilet paper</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Wipe the vaginal opening before urination with white toilet paper to check for mucus. Observe the consistency and colour on the paper.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Checking underwear or panty liner</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Examine if any mucus is present in your underwear or on a panty liner throughout the day. This method provides a general idea of the mucus's appearance but is less precise than direct examination.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>When to seek help?</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Monitoring cervical mucus is a useful tool for assessing fertility, but there are situations where professional help may be needed:</span></p><ol><li><h4>Irregular cycles or mucus patterns</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If you notice irregularities in your cervical mucus that do not align with your menstrual cycle or if your cycles are irregular, consult a </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/find-a-doctor/thomson-medical-gynae"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">gynaecologist</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Unusual discharge&nbsp;</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Any mucus that is green, yellow, foul-smelling, or accompanied by pain or itching may indicate an infection and requires medical attention.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4>Trouble conceiving</h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If you have been trying to conceive for a year (or six months if you are over the age of 35) without success, it is advisable to see a </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/centres/fertility-centre"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">fertility specialist</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Understanding your cervical mucus can provide valuable insights into your fertility and overall reproductive health. By recognising the changes in cervical mucus throughout your cycle, you can better predict ovulation and identify potential fertility issues.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Disclaimer: This information is for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations, please </span><a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/appointment?location=Thomson+Fertility+Centre"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">consult a fertility specialist</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> at Thomson Medical.</span></p>

Understand cervical mucus and its role in fertility. Discover its characteristics and changes throughout the menstrual cycle for better reproductive health.

Vaginal Discharge: What It Tells You About Your Fertility

<h2>What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)?</h2><p><span>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. This can lead to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, and irritation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>It is one of the most common vaginal infections among women of reproductive age.</span></p><h2>What are the causes of BV?</h2><p><span>The exact cause of BV is not fully understood. However, it involves an imbalance of the vaginal microbiota, characterised by a decrease in beneficial Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of harmful bacteria such as Gardnerella, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Megasphaera, and Sneathia species.</span></p><h2>Types of BV</h2><p><span>Based on the severity and the persistence of your symptoms, BV can be classified into different types:</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p><ol><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Acute BV&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Characterised by sudden onset of symptoms such as increased vaginal discharge with a fishy odour, itching, and irritation.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Recurrent BV&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Occurs when symptoms of BV recur within a short period after treatment, indicating persistent or recurrent infection. It’s important to follow up with your healthcare provider to manage and treat the condition effectively.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>What are the signs and symptoms of BV?</h2><p><span>Many people with BV often do not show symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:</span></p><ul><li><span>Thin, watery vaginal discharge</span></li><li><span>Grayish-white or greenish vaginal discharge with a fishy </span>odour</li><li><span>Vaginal itching or irritation</span></li><li><span>Burning sensation during urination</span></li><li><span>Discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse</span></li></ul><p><span>BV symptoms can be similar to other vaginal infections. It is important to visit your doctor for a proper diagnosis.</span></p><h2>What are the treatments for BV?</h2><p><span>Treatment for bacterial vaginosis typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Treatment options may include:</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p><ul><li><span>Oral antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole or tinidazole)</span></li><li><span>Intravaginal antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole gel or clindamycin cream)</span></li><li><span>Probiotics or lactobacillus supplements may be used as adjunctive therapy to restore the balance of vaginal microbiota.</span></li></ul><h2>FAQs</h2><h3><span>Who is at risk of BV?</span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></h3><p><span>While anyone with a vagina can be susceptible to getting bacterial vaginosis, certain factors may increase the risk, including:</span></p><ul><li><span>Having multiple sexual partners or new sexual partners</span></li><li><span>Vaginal douching or use of feminine hygiene products</span></li><li><span>Smoking</span></li><li><span>Hormonal changes (e.g. pregnancy, menstruation, menopause)</span></li><li><span>Use of certain medications (e.g. antibiotics, corticosteroids)</span></li><li><span>Presence of other vaginal infections or conditions (e.g. sexually transmitted infections)</span></li></ul><h3><span>How is BV diagnosed?</span></h3><p><span>Your doctor may perform the following:</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Clinical examination&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">May perform a pelvic examination to assess the appearance of the vaginal discharge and check for signs of inflammation or infection.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Whiff test</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A sample of vaginal discharge mixed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) may produce a characteristic fishy odour, known as a positive Whiff test.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Microscopic examination&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Microscopic examination of vaginal discharge samples may reveal the presence of clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria), which are suggestive of bacterial vaginosis.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">pH testing&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Measurement of vaginal pH may show an elevated pH (&gt;4.5), which is characteristic of bacterial vaginosis.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span>These diagnostic tests help the doctors confirm the presence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), and tailor treatment accordingly.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Can </span>BV <span>be cured?</span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></h3><p><span>Yes, BV can be effectively treated and cured with appropriate medical intervention. It's essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by doctor, even if your symptoms improve before completing the treatment. This helps ensure the complete eradication of the infection and reduces the risk of recurrence.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What are the complications of BV?</span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">BV doesn’t typically cause complications. But, if left untreated, it can lead to complications such as:</span></p><ul><li>Increased risk of <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/dermatology/sti" target="_blank">sexually transmitted infections (STIs)</a>, including <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/women-health/gynaecology/hiv-screening" target="_blank">HIV</a></li><li>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</li><li>Increased risk of preterm birth or low birth weight in pregnant women</li><li>Endometritis (inflammation of the uterine lining) following gynaecologic procedures or <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/baby-delivery" target="_blank">childbirth</a></li></ul><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How to prevent BV?</span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></h3><p><span>To reduce the risk of BV and prevent recurrence, you may take several preventive measures, including:</span></p><ul><li><span>Limiting the number of sexual partners and practicing safer sex</span></li><li><span>Avoiding vaginal douching or use of irritating feminine hygiene products</span></li><li><span>Abstaining from smoking, as it is associated with an increased risk of BV</span></li><li><span>Practicing good hygiene, including wiping from front to back after using the bathroom</span></li><li><span>Seeking prompt medical evaluation and treatment for vaginal symptoms or infections</span></li></ul><h3>What are the i<span>mpact of BV on sexual health?</span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);"></span></h3><ul><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Dyspareunia&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Bacterial vaginosis may cause discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) due to vaginal irritation or inflammation. Addressing BV symptoms and restoring vaginal health may improve sexual function and intimacy.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><h4><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Partner treatment&nbsp;</span></h4><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While BV is not considered an STI, male partners of women with recurrent BV may harbour BV-associated bacteria on the penis or genital skin. Partner treatment with antibiotics may be considered in cases of recurrent or persistent BV to reduce the risk of reinfection.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul>

Bacterial Vaginosis is a common infection caused due to an imbalance of bacteria naturally present in the vagina. Learn more about its causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

See our list of Gynaecologists for Vaginal Abnormalities

Vaginal Problems

Vaginal Problems: Infections, Lumps & Bumps, Discharge, Dryness

Ovarian cysts are usually harmless and part of the menstrual cycle. Learn more about its causes, symptoms, and treatments from this guide by Dr Ryan Lee.

Ovarian Cysts Guide by Dr Ryan Lee: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

<p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gynaecological cancers represent a significant area of concern in women's health globally, including in Singapore where they contribute prominently to the overall cancer burden.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">According to </span><a href="https://www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg/learn-about-cancer/cancer-basics/common-types-of-cancer-in-singapore.html"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">data from the Singapore Cancer Registry</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, during the period from 2017 to 2021, cancers of the uterus, ovary, and cervix were identified as the fourth, sixth, and tenth most prevalent cancers, respectively, among women in Singapore.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Advances in treatment options for gynaecological cancers in Singapore have been significant, ranging from surgery and radiation therapy to targeted therapies and immunotherapy. These treatments are tailored to the individual's specific type of cancer, its stage, and other personal health factors, aiming to maximise survival rates and improve the quality of life. The focus on early detection and regular screenings, such as HPV/<a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/pap-smear" target="_blank">Pap smear</a> for cervical cancer, has also been a critical aspect of improving outcomes, as early-stage cancers are generally more treatable and have better prognosis<wbr><wbr>.</span></p><h2>Cervical cancer</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Early-stage (I and II)</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Removal of the cervix (radical hysterectomy) or a more conservative procedure called a trachelectomy for fertility preservation.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Radiation therapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">External beam radiation or brachytherapy (internal radiation).</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">May be recommended in combination with radiation therapy.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Advanced-stage (III and IV)</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemoradiotherapy:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In some cases, surgery may be considered after chemoradiotherapy.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Systemic therapy:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chemotherapy or targeted therapies for advanced cases.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>Ovarian cancer</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Early-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Removal of the affected ovary or ovaries (oophorectomy) and, in some cases, a hysterectomy and removal of nearby tissues.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Advanced-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Debulking surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Standard treatment, often a combination of platinum-based drugs and taxanes.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Targeted therapies:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">PARP inhibitors for certain genetic mutations.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>Uterine (endometrial) cancer</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Early-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Lymph node dissection may also be performed.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Radiation therapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">External beam radiation or brachytherapy in some cases.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Hormone therapy:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For hormone receptor-positive tumors.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Advanced-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Debulking surgery for advanced cases, followed by chemotherapy.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Often a combination of drugs.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Hormone therapy or targeted therapies:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Depending on the molecular characteristics of the tumor.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>Vulvar cancer</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Early-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Wide local excision or vulvectomy.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Lymph node dissection:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Removal of nearby lymph nodes.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Radiation therapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Adjuvant radiation in some cases.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Advanced-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Extensive surgery for larger tumors, sometimes followed by reconstruction.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy or radiation therapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Depending on the extent of the disease.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>Vaginal cancer</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Early-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Removal of the tumor with wide margins.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Radiation therapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Adjuvant radiation in some cases.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Advanced-stage</span></h3><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">More extensive surgery or pelvic exenteration in advanced cases.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy or radiation therapy:&nbsp;</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Depending on the extent of the disease.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>Conclusion</h2><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Key aspects of gynaecological cancer management guidelines include:</span></p><ol><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Screening and early detection:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Regular screenings for cervical, ovarian, uterine, and other gynaecological cancers.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Education and awareness programs to promote early detection and prevention.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Diagnostic evaluation:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Accurate staging through imaging studies and pathological assessments.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Consideration of genetic testing for hereditary factors influencing cancer risk.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Treatment modalities:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Surgery: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Often the primary treatment for gynaecological cancers, aiming for complete tumor removal.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Chemotherapy: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Administered to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Radiation therapy: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Targeted radiation to eliminate cancer cells or alleviate symptoms.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Multidisciplinary approach:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Collaboration between gynaecologic oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and other specialists.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Individualised treatment plans based on the type and stage of cancer.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Supportive care:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Addressing physical and emotional aspects of cancer through palliative care and supportive services.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Management of treatment side effects to enhance the overall quality of life.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Follow-up and surveillance:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Regular follow-up appointments for monitoring and early detection of recurrence.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Survivorship programs to address long-term physical and psychological effects.</span></p></li></ul></li></ol><h2>FAQ</h2><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What are the common types of gynaecological cancers?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gynaecological cancers include cervical, ovarian, uterine (endometrial), vaginal, and vulvar cancers.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How can I reduce my risk of gynaecological cancers?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Regular screenings, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, HPV vaccination, and understanding family history can help reduce risks.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What screening tests are available for gynaecological cancers?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pap smears for cervical cancer, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and blood tests for certain markers are common screening methods.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What does a cancer diagnosis involve?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Diagnosis includes imaging tests, biopsies, and pathological examinations to determine the type, stage, and characteristics of the cancer.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What are the main treatment options for gynaecological cancers?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination, depending on the type and stage of cancer.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How is surgery used in gynaecological cancer management?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Surgery aims to remove tumors and affected tissues. Procedures may include hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and lymph node dissection.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What is the role of chemotherapy in gynaecological cancer treatment?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery, or as the primary treatment for advanced stages.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">When is radiation therapy recommended for gynaecological cancers?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Radiation therapy is often used after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells or as a primary treatment for specific cancers.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How important is a multidisciplinary approach in gynaecological cancer care?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Collaboration between gynaecologic oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and other specialists ensures comprehensive and tailored treatment plans.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">What are the potential side effects of gynaecological cancer treatments?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Side effects may include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and changes in fertility. The impact varies based on the type of treatment.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">How frequently should follow-up appointments occur after treatment?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Follow-up schedules depend on the type and stage of cancer but generally involve regular check-ups and screenings to monitor for recurrence.</span></p><h3><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Are there support services available for gynaecological cancer patients?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Yes, support services include counseling, support groups, and survivorship programs to address emotional and physical well-being.&nbsp;</span></p>

Everything you need to know about gynaecological cancer management, including various treatments for different stages, and FAQ. 

Gynaecological Cancer Management: Cervical, Ovarian, Uterine, Vulvar, Vaginal

Both cervical and ovarian cancer can affect a woman's reproductive health. Find out about the differences in symptoms, risk factors, and diagnosis.

Cervical Cancer vs Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms & Key Differences

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<p>Breast lumps during pregnancy are very common. The expectant mother will experience many normal physiological changes ― an increase in breast size, more obvious sweat glands around the nipples, a darkening of the areola ― all of which will prepare her body for breastfeeding.</p><p>Common non-cancerous variations to breasts include hormonal changes (fibrocystic changes), fibroadenomas, cysts, lipomas, accessory (extra) breast tissue. Pregnancy-related breast cancers make up about 3 per cent of all breast cancers.</p><p>Whenever a pregnant woman feels a lump, she should see a doctor to get their opinion, keeping in mind that most times it will turn out to be nothing serious!</p><h2>What the doctor will do</h2><p>When you see the doctor, she will ask details as to how you detected the lump, how long it has been present and if you have detected any changes, so as to get an idea what the lump is likely to be.</p><p>Next, the doctor will conduct a breast examination to confirm the presence of the lump, and check for any other symptoms such as skin changes or nipple discharge.</p><p>Most patients will then be recommended to get an ultrasound scan ― this will give additional information as to whether this lump is benign or cancerous. If there is any concern that the lump may be cancerous, your doctor will advise you as to the pros and cons of having a biopsy, which can be done safely even during pregnancy.</p><p><em>“If a pregnant women detects a lump, I would advise them to have a thorough consultation and a physical examination, followed by an ultrasound. If necessary, I would then perform a biopsy.”</em></p><h2>Breast cancer screening during pregnancy</h2><p>A screening checks for cancer even when a patient is feeling well and has absolutely no cancer signs or symptoms. For breast cancer screening, most countries, including Singapore, recommend mammogram screening from age 50 onwards. For women who are at higher risk, this may start at 40. Some specialists will recommend a supplementary ultrasound as well.</p><p>If a pregnant women detects a lump, I would advise them to have a thorough consultation and a physical examination, followed by an ultrasound. If necessary, I would then perform a biopsy.</p><h2>Screening methods (Mammograms/Ultrasound)</h2><p>Ultrasound, the same technology used to monitor the baby during pregnancy, is safe and useful in detecting lumps, and to check if it’s solid or cystic. Most specialists do not use ultrasound as a screening method as the majority of such lumps it detects are not cancerous.</p><p>A diagnostic ultrasound can still be performed safely on pregnant women to assess their breast lump. If a subsequent biopsy confirms a cancer, she may then need a baseline mammogram, after discussing the pros and cons with her doctor. This is because early stage breast cancer may not form a lump yet, but may attract calcium spots, which can be detected using a mammogram. An abdominal lead apron may be used to reduce the baby’s exposure to radiation.</p><h2>Breast cancer treatment</h2><p>If the biopsy shows that the lump is non-cancerous (benign), then it may be left alone.</p><p>However, if the biopsy shows that it is cancerous, the breast cancer treatment protocols will be modified for the expectant woman. Staging* has to be conducted to find out if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, but only with liver ultrasound and chest X-ray. Depending on which trimester of the pregnancy she is in, the breast surgeon, oncologist and the ob-gyn will discuss what is best for the patient and her baby.</p><p>Chemotherapy may be administered from the second trimester onwards, followed by surgery after she deliver the baby. As such management of the patient’s treatment is complex, it will involve good multidisciplinary care by experienced doctors.</p><p>*Staging is a way to describe where the cancer is located, how much the cancer has grown, and if or where it has spread.</p>

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Although common breast changes are normal in pregnancy, finding a lump can be worrying. Learn what are the recommended next steps, and when you should worry.

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Breast Lumps During Pregnancy: What to Expect and Do

<p>“It all started with a persistent pain in the left breast, and I was referred by my General Practitioner for a mammogram and ultrasound. Both the mammogram and ultrasound results showed an abnormal lump, and I was further scheduled for a breast biopsy to determine if the lump was benign or malignant. Questions started to fill my mind. What is breast biopsy and how is it performed? And is it painful?”</p><p>For many patients, pain is a very common symptom and is the most common complaint that brings them to see a doctor. For a small group, there happens to be an abnormal lump found that needs a biopsy. Most times, pain is not a sign of cancer, and any lumps found may not be the cause of the breast pain you experienced.</p><p>Some of us may face a similar situation when a lump is detected. It is normal to have many questions. This article aims to address some of your preliminary questions while you arrange for a consult with a professional specialist. It is important to seek timely professional diagnosis and treatment.</p><p>Here’s what you need to know about a breast biopsy and what to expect.</p><h2>What is a breast biopsy?</h2><p>A breast biopsy is a process where a small sample of breast tissue is removed through a special biopsy needle. The tissue samples removed from the breast lump will be further examined under a microscope. Typically, the breast biopsy is performed if there is an abnormality detected from your previous mammograms or breast ultrasounds. The goal of the biopsy is to determine what the abnormality is and the best treatment to move forward with.</p><p>Although ultrasounds and mammograms are useful ways to identify breast lumps, a breast biopsy is the only way to confirm what the lump is. Breast screening is to be done, even if you are well and have no symptoms at all, and annual mammograms should start from age 40.</p><p>If you experience any symptoms, please see a doctor for early diagnostic imaging tests:</p><ul><li>Breast lump</li><li>Changes in the colour or contour of the breast or nipple or dimpling of skin</li><li>Discharge from the nipple</li></ul><p>Most breast biopsies are quick and painless. Many of the breast lumps may turn out to be benign as there are a variety of conditions that can cause lumps in the breast. However, your doctor will usually want to take precautions and order breast screening tests to rule out early <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/breast-cancer" target="_blank">breast cancer</a>.</p><h2>How to prepare for a breast biopsy?</h2><p>Before your breast biopsy, you can prepare by informing your breast surgeon if you:</p><ul><li>Have any allergies</li><li>Are taking any blood-thinning medications</li><li>Have consumed aspirin in the last seven days</li><li>Not able to lie face down for more than an hour</li></ul><p>You will likely meet with your specialist prior to the procedure. Your doctor would be able to advise you on the procedure and give you advice such as:</p><ul><li>What type of breast biopsy procedure will be done?</li><li>What is the location of my biopsy?</li><li>Will a part or all of the lump be extracted?</li><li>Will it leave a scar?</li><li>How soon will I receive my results?</li><li>How soon can I resume normal activities?</li><li>What type of anaesthesia will be used?</li></ul><p>Make sure to wear a sports bra and loose clothing to have ease in dressing after the procedure. You may also want to have a designated driver or someone to accompany you home safely.</p><h2>What are the different types of breast biopsies and how are they performed?</h2><p>Once your breast surgeon decides that a biopsy is needed, they will determine the best type of biopsy for your situation. There are a few breast biopsy procedures to obtain samples of a patient’s breast lumps. Your breast surgeon will recommend based on the location, size, and other characteristics of the breast abnormality.</p><p>Your breast surgeon will take a tissue sample either through a minimally invasive biopsy procedure or surgery. Minimally invasive procedures are ideal because they offer:</p><ul><li>Less pain</li><li>Less scarring</li><li>Faster recovery time</li><li>Lower risk of infection</li><li>Lower hospital costs</li><li>Able to return to usual activities quickly</li></ul><h3>Ultrasound-guided breast biopsy</h3><p>This procedure is performed through ultrasound guidance. An ultrasound is a method that utilises high-frequency sound waves to generate precise images.</p><p>The breast surgeon will locate the lump within the patient’s breasts using the breast ultrasound device before a small incision is made for the biopsy needle to retrieve tissue samples. With an ultrasound-guided breast biopsy, the breast surgeon can identify <a href="https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/breastbius" target="_self">lumps near the chest wall or under the arms</a>.</p><p>It can be used in conjunction with vacuum-assisted core biopsy, core needle biopsy, or fine needle aspiration biopsy. This ultrasound-guided breast biopsy procedure is also more cost-effective than other methods like open surgical biopsy.</p><h3>Stereotactic biopsy</h3><p></p><img src="https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/bltdc27a561fa0c5072/6545217008cc0104077ce311/Stereotactic_Biopsy.jpeg?branch=uat_release_3" height="auto"/><p>With a stereotactic biopsy, a 3D image of the breast is created from the mammogram results. The doctor uses the image to pinpoint the exact location of the suspected breast lump and guides the needle there. The patient will lay <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-biopsy-stereotactic#procedure" target="_self">facing down on a padded biopsy table</a> with one of the breasts positioned in the hole in the table. The patient’s breast will be compressed with two plates while the biopsy site is located using a targeted mammogram. The breast surgeon or radiologist will then create a small incision into the biopsy site and insert a large core needle to remove tissue samples.</p><h3>RI-guided core needle biopsy</h3><p>Instead of using an ultrasound device, a biopsy can be performed under the guidance of an MRI. This imaging device captures cross-sectional images of the breast so that the hollow needle can be guided to the site of the breast lump. This procedure can be used with core needle biopsy, vacuum-assisted core biopsy, or wire localisation.</p><p>he different types of breast biopsy vary in terms of how invasive the procedure it can be. Your breast surgeon will advise on the procedure that is the best for you.</p><h3>Open (surgical) biopsy</h3><img src="https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/blt4155c1fcecc004d3/654521990970dd001bd16e10/Open_(Surgical)_Biopsy.png?branch=uat_release_3" height="auto"/><p>The breast surgeon will remove part or the entire lump. If the lump is small and deep, a very thin needle and a thin wire will be placed inside the breast before the operation to help guide the breast surgeon.</p><p>Generally, a surgical biopsy is performed in an operating room usually under general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia" target="_blank">anaesthesia</a>.</p><h3>Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology</h3><p>In this procedure, a thin needle attached to a syringe is inserted into the breast lumps. The syringe will collect the sample of fluid or cells from the lump and small tissue samples are removed. Your doctor will advise if this is suitable for you.</p><h3>Sentinel node biopsy</h3><p>This procedure removes the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/sentinel-node-biopsy-fact-sheet" target="_self">sentinel lymph node</a> or the first node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread. The surgeon uses blue dye or a radioactive tracer to identify the node. Then, the node is removed and tested for cancer. Cancer could have spread to other lymph nodes if the sentinel node tests positive. However, if it is negative, the likelihood of cancer spreading to other lymph nodes is lower.</p><h3>Vacuum-assisted core biopsy</h3><p>This procedure is performed with an ultrasound or mammogram unit and can be seen as an upgraded form of the core needle biopsy. Like the core biopsy, a larger needle is used and allows for several tissue samples to be taken at one time.</p><p>A probe or hollow tube is inserted into a cut made on the skin. Then, a vacuum-assisted device is used to pull the tissue into the needle while a rotating cutting device takes the sample. Using a suction device is beneficial because it can get more cells and fluid through the needle, which cuts down on the number of times the needle will need to be inserted to retrieve multiple samples.</p><h2>Benefits and risks of breast biopsy</h2><p>Before proceeding with breast biopsy procedures, you may want to discuss with the breast surgeon and weigh the benefits and risks to determine the suitable procedure that is right for you. Fortunately, most procedures are less invasive compared to surgical biopsy and some will leave minimal to no scarring. The biopsy results will indicate whether the breast lump is malignant or benign which would either allow you to rest easy or quickly get the treatment that you need.</p><p>Although these procedures are generally safe, there are some risks involved. Possible complications that can incur from a breast biopsy include:</p><ul><li>Mild pain and bruising</li><li>Infection</li><li>Prolonged bleeding</li><li>Soreness at the biopsy site</li></ul><p>Many of these side effects are simply temporary. However, if they persist, contact your <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/find-a-doctor/breast-surgeon-singapore" target="_blank">breast surgeon</a> for treatment. Generally, following the aftercare instructions will greatly reduce these risks and limit the odds of infection.</p><h2>FAQ</h2><h3>Why is a breast biopsy done?</h3><p>A breast biopsy can be done for several reasons:</p><ul><li>To identify any lumps in your breast</li><li>To check for the potential causes of any nipple problems such as bloody discharge</li><li>To evaluate whether the breast lump or breast mass is cancerous or non-cancerous.</li><li>To check the severity of a problem seen from the breast imaging results, such as a fluid-filled cyst or calcium deposits in breast tissue (microcalcifications)</li></ul><h3>How often are breast biopsies positive for cancer?</h3><p>&gt; 80% of the patients who undergo the biopsy procedure do not have cancer, while only &lt; 20% of breast biopsies are malignant. When the results are negative, the breast lump is benign.</p><h3>Does a breast biopsy hurt?</h3><p>The breast surgeon may use local anaesthesia to help numb the biopsy area during the procedure. It may be slightly uncomfortable, but most patients describe it as tolerable. Once the site is numb from the local anaesthetic, one should only feel pressure but no pain from the biopsy.</p><p>Typically, only local anaesthesia is required. However, general anaesthesia may be used in severe cases, meaning the entire body is numbed.</p><h3>How long does it take to recover from breast biopsy?</h3><p>Biopsy procedures do not cause significant pain to your body. However, you may experience some bruising, tenderness, or soreness for a few days after the biopsy procedure. Patients can take non-aspirin pain relievers that contain acetaminophen and apply cold packs to help ease the pain and discomfort. However, it can take longer to recover from surgical removal procedures when compared to nonsurgical procedures.</p><p>With all breast biopsy procedures, except for the surgical biopsy, you will be able to go home without a patient caregiver. You will likely have bandages and a cold pack over the biopsy site. Most patients can resume usual activities within a day after the procedure.</p><p>Tell your breast surgeon if you notice the following problems after the biopsy:</p><ul><li>Pain that gets worse</li><li>Chills or fever</li><li>Swelling, redness, drainage, or bleeding</li></ul><h3>How soon should you expect to receive your breast biopsy results?</h3><img src="https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt5f400315f9e4f0b3/blt3ce74f2f0f705f43/654521d254447604077cfdc6/Breast_Biopsy.jpeg?branch=uat_release_3" height="auto"/><p>Once the procedure is done, the breast tissue samples are sent to the lab. A pathologist will evaluate the samples using specialised tools and then create a report to send to the breast surgeon, who will share the results with you.</p><p>Generally, it takes a few days before the results are ready. However, it can take as long as two weeks before the test results are available if the lab needs more time to process your specimen.</p><p>Sometimes a clear diagnosis is not possible based on the sample given. In this scenario, you may need another biopsy performed so that the breast surgeon can obtain more breast tissue for further evaluation.</p><p>The results will share details about the consistency and size of the breast tissue samples, the location of the biopsy site, and whether there are cancer cells present. If it is malignant, the report will detail the type of breast cancer you have. Based on the findings, your breast surgeon will advise on the next steps for treatment.</p><h2>Book Your Appointment at Thomson Breast Centre</h2><p>Prevention is always better than cure! Our clinical team at <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/breast" target="_blank">Thomson Breast Centre</a> offers different services for all <a href="https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/breast-screening-mammogram-ultrasound" target="_blank">breast screening</a> needs with the assurance that you will be well taken care of. It is important to detect signs of breast cancer early. The sooner it is detected, the faster the treatment can start. At Thomson Medical, our doctors will evaluate the lump and provide the appropriate tests for diagnosis.</p><p>Most patients start with a specialist consultation for a personalised clinical breast assessment. We offer a wide range of biopsy procedures, from minimally invasive removal to more advanced surgical options if a biopsy is needed. Book a specialist consultation with Thomson Breast Centre and start your breast health journey today.</p>

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Worried about a breast lump? Don't panic. A breast biopsy is a simple procedure that can help determine if the lump is benign or malignant. Learn more about the process and what to expect from this article.

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Everything You Need to Know About Breast Biopsy

<p>Just as there are skin issues that arise during pregnancy, skin conditions can also develop after you give birth. Fortunately, they are largely treatable, so there is no need to fret – your postpartum skin and hair will bounce back in no time. We take a look at some of the most common conditions.</p><h2>Acne</h2><p>Caused by an inflammation in the facial oil glands, acne may be aggravated by hormonal changes. Most of the time, acne clears within a few weeks or months, but medical treatment should be sought to prevent the risk of scarring. There are many topical agents that can be safely used even when breastfeeding. In more severe cases, oral medications such as antibiotics may be required.</p><h2>Melasma</h2><p>Also known as “the mask of pregnancy”, this pigmentation condition is due to increased melanin production and is caused by a combination of genetic and hormonal factors, as well as sun exposure. It tends to affect Asian skin more, appearing as brownish patches over the cheeks, forehead, temples, nasal bridge, upper lips and jawline.</p><p>It is best controlled by avoiding the sun and with regular use of sunscreen, lightening creams and topical agents, although it can persist in some cases. Other treatments include chemical peeling, intense pulsed light therapy and certain forms of laser therapy. Inform your doctor if you are breastfeeding – certain ingredients such as tretinoin and hydroquinone that can be found in some skincare products should be avoided by breastfeeding mums.</p><h2>Dermatitis/eczema</h2><p>Eczema or dermatitis is a relatively common yet noninfectious condition, so it will not spread to your baby. Often it is an aggravation of an underlying sensitive skin condition that has been present for some time. For new mothers, it can also develop as a result of excessive water contact due to frequent handwashing.</p><p>Use moisturiser regularly to soothe inflamed and itchy skin. Topical steroid creams are prescribed to calm inflamed skin and are safe to use even when breastfeeding. Use a gentle soap substitute and continue to moisturise even after the skin rash has settled.</p><h2>Stretchmarks</h2><p>Affecting at least 90 percent of pregnant women, stretchmarks are a form of scarring that appear red when fresh, but most will fade to white after delivery. During pregnancy, intensive use of moisturisers may help the condition, and there are specially formulated stretchmark creams on the market that you can continue using after delivery. For more severe cases, dermatologists may prescribe tretinoin cream to use postpartum when you are not breastfeeding. Some skin-tightening laser treatments are safe options to remove stretchmarks even if you are breastfeeding, but these usually require multiple sessions.</p><h2>Telogen effluvium</h2><p>This condition results in hair fall that usually occurs about three months after delivery. Though increased hair fall can be distressing to new mothers, it is almost always a self-limiting condition, and you will usually recover within six months. If you notice increased hair fall, consult a doctor to exclude other causes of hair loss (such as low iron levels). Topical medications can be used if you are not breastfeeding.</p>

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Postpartum skin problems like acne, melasma, and stretch marks are common but temporary. Learn how to relieve and prevent the 5 most frequent postpartum skin woes.

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The 5 Most Common Postpartum Skin Issues and How to Treat Them