First Trimester Pregnancy Guide: What to Expect in the First 12 Weeks

Finding out you’re pregnant is such a big moment, and the first trimester is where your motherhood journey truly begins. These first 12 weeks can be a mix of joy, nerves, and plenty of questions as your body adapts to early pregnancy symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and mood changes. At the same time, your baby is developing at an astonishing pace, hitting key milestones that lay the foundation for the months ahead. Therefore, knowing what to expect and how to care for yourself during this stage can make the first trimester feel less overwhelming and more empowering.

What to expect in your first trimester of pregnancy?

The first trimester, from weeks 1 to 12, is a time of big changes for both you and your baby. As pregnancy hormones like hCG and progesterone rise, they support your baby’s development while also causing many of the early pregnancy symptoms you may already notice. hCG is the hormone that gives you a positive pregnancy test and helps form the amniotic sac, while progesterone strengthens the womb lining and keeps your pregnancy stable. These shifts can affect your mood, energy, and even how your body feels day to day.

During this time, your baby is developing rapidly, as the heart starts beating around week 5, and by week 12, vital organs are beginning to function. The neural tube also forms early, making folic acid especially important. Every pregnancy is different, so be gentle with yourself, rest when needed, and don’t hesitate to seek support if symptoms feel overwhelming.

Overview of week 1 to weeks 12

The first trimester of pregnancy is a time of rapid change and new beginnings. From the moment of conception, your body is working tirelessly to create the perfect environment for your baby to grow. Each week brings new developments, from the tiniest heartbeat to the first signs of limbs taking shape.

Weeks 1–4

During these first weeks, the fertilised egg travels through the fallopian tube and implants into the lining of the womb. The amniotic sac and placenta begin to form, and the neural tube develops, which will later become the brain and spinal cord. At this stage the developing baby is called an embryo. Many women may not yet realise they are pregnant, but crucial foundations for growth are already being laid.

Weeks 5–8

The embryo’s heart starts to beat around week 5–6, and tiny limb buds appear, which will grow into arms and legs. Early facial features also begin to take shape, with the first signs of eyes and ears forming. Major organs are developing at a rapid pace, making this one of the most important phases of pregnancy.

Weeks 9–12

Starting at week 9, your developing baby is known as a foetus. Growth continues quickly, with vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and intestines beginning to function. Bones and muscles start forming, and the foetus may make small movements, though they are too slight for you to feel. Many mums-to-be have their first prenatal appointment during this time, which helps to monitor a healthy pregnancy.

By the end of week 12

The first trimester draws to a close with your baby looking much more recognisably human. Early pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea and fatigue, may begin to ease, and many women feel more connected to their pregnancy as the foetus’s development becomes more visible and real.

Common first trimester symptoms

It’s natural to notice a range of pregnancy symptoms when you’re in the first trimester. While they can sometimes feel a bit overwhelmed, understanding what’s happening can make them easier to manage.

• Morning sickness: 

  • Perhaps the most well-known symptom, morning sickness often starts around week 6 and can happen at any time of day. 

  • Small, frequent meals and avoiding strong smells can help, but if nausea and vomiting become severe, a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum,  it’s important to seek medical advice.

• Breast tenderness: 

  • Rising levels of hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone can make breasts feel sore, swollen, or extra sensitive. 

  • Wearing a supportive bra and using warm or cold compresses can bring relief. 

  • Reducing caffeine intake is also recommended during pregnancy and may help with overall comfort.

• Fatigue: 

  • Feeling unusually tired is very common, as your body works hard to support your growing baby. Listening to your body, resting when you need to, and going to bed a little earlier can ease exhaustion.

• Frequent urination: 

  • Many women find they need to pass urine more often in the first trimester. This is mainly due to hormonal changes and increased blood flow to the kidneys. 

  • Staying well hydrated is essential, though limiting fluids right before bedtime may reduce night-time disruptions.

• Mood swings: 

  • Hormonal shifts can bring emotional ups and downs, leaving you more sensitive than usual. Talking to loved ones, practising relaxation techniques, and seeking support when needed can help you cope.

• Metallic taste in the mouth:

  • Many women notice ametallic taste in the mouth during pregnancy, especially in the early weeks.

  • This happens due to hormonal changes that affect your sense of taste and smell. Staying hydrated, chewing sugar-free gum, or rinsing with mild salt water may help reduce the lingering taste.

Every pregnancy is different, so while these symptoms of pregnancy are common, the way you experience them may be unique to you.

What should I do in my first trimester of pregnancy?

Taking care of yourself in the early stages of pregnancy is vital for the health of both you and your baby. Here’s a guide to essential prenatal care during your first trimester, helping you navigate this exciting (and sometimes challenging) time:

First steps in prenatal care

• Schedule your first prenatal appointment: 

  • Ideally, you should book your first appointment around 6-8 weeks of pregnancy. Early antenatal screening visits help ensure your pregnancy is progressing smoothly.

• Start taking prenatal vitamins: 

  • Begin a daily prenatal vitamin that includes folic acid. This is crucial for your baby's neural development and helps prevent certain birth defects.

• Follow a balanced diet: 

  • Make sure you’re eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains to nourish both you and your growing baby.

• Avoid harmful substances: 

  • It's essential to avoid alcohol, smoking, and certain medications. Speak with your pregnancy doctor about any medications you’re taking to ensure they’re safe during pregnancy.

• Track your symptoms and questions: 

  • Keep an eye on how you're feeling and jot down any questions for your doctor. This helps make your appointments more efficient and reassuring.

Your first prenatal check-up and screenings

Your first prenatal visit typically happens between 6 and 8 weeks of pregnancy. It's time to confirm your pregnancy and start essential health screenings. Here’s what you can expect:

• Confirmation of pregnancy: 

  • A urine or blood test will confirm your pregnancy.

• Ultrasound: 

  • Your doctor may perform an ultrasound scan to check the baby’s heartbeat and estimate your due date.

• NIPT (Non-invasive prenatal testing): 

  • This blood test screens for chromosomal conditions such as Down syndrome with high accuracy. It’s an option for many women in early pregnancy.

• Blood work: 

  • Tests will check your blood type, and iron levels and screen for any infections. hCG (the pregnancy hormone) levels will also be monitored.

• Blood pressure and weight check: 

  • Regular monitoring of these indicators is essential for a healthy pregnancy.

• Review of your medical history: 

  • Your doctor will discuss any health concerns or pre-existing conditions that may affect your pregnancy.

Not sure which pregnancy screenings you should have? Request an appointment with Thomson Medical to explore your options and find out what tests are right for you.

Lifestyle habits to follow

Do:

• Eat nutrient-rich foods: 

  • Fill your plate with lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats.

• Stay hydrated: 

  • Drink plenty of water to keep your body and baby hydrated.

• Exercise gently: 

  • Activities like walking or prenatal yoga can help maintain your fitness and support your changing body.

• Get plenty of rest: 

  • Aim for enough sleep each night to recharge and manage any fatigue.

Avoid:

• Raw or undercooked foods: 

  • Avoid raw seafood, meat, and eggs to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.

• Unpasteurised dairy:

  • Stick to pasteurised dairy products to avoid harmful bacteria.

• High-mercury fish: 

  • Steer clear of fish like shark, swordfish, and king mackerel.

• Excess caffeine: 

  • Limit caffeine intake to 200 mg per day — about one cup of coffee.

Preparing for the second trimester

As you transition into the second trimester, your pregnancy may start to feel more real, and your body will continue to change. This is an ideal time to plan ahead, making sure you’re prepared for the next stage of your journey. Here’s how to get ready:

• Organise your prenatal appointment schedule: 

  • Stay on top of your healthcare appointments to ensure everything is progressing smoothly. 

  • Schedule your next check-ups with your healthcare provider and any screenings or tests that are typically done in the second trimester.

• Continue building healthy habits: 

  • Now is the time to solidify healthy eating and exercise habits. Focus on nourishing foods, staying hydrated, and keeping up with gentle exercise routines like walking or prenatal yoga. 

• Start budgeting and planning for maternity needs:

  • Begin budgeting for maternity-related expenses. This could include clothes, baby gear, and potential time off work. 

  • Getting a head start on these financial and practical needs will help ease any stress in the coming months.

• Explore prenatal classes and educational resources:

  • Look into prenatal classes to learn about childbirth, breastfeeding, and newborn care. These classes can provide valuable information and give you the confidence to handle what’s ahead. 

  • Many expectant parents find these resources helpful in preparing for the big day and the first few weeks with their baby.

When to seek medical advice?

During your pregnancy, it’s important to be aware of certain symptoms that may indicate something is wrong. If you experience any of the following, call your healthcare provider immediately:

• Heavy vaginal bleeding: 

  • While light spotting can be normal in early pregnancy, heavy bleeding is a cause for concern and should be checked by a doctor right away.

• Severe abdominal or pelvic pain:

  • Intense pain, especially if it doesn’t go away or gets worse, should not be ignored. It may signal a problem that needs immediate attention.

• High fever: 

  • A fever can indicate an infection, which can pose risks to both you and your baby. If you have a high fever, it’s important to seek medical care promptly.

• Severe dizziness or fainting: 

  • Feeling extremely lightheaded or fainting could point to a drop in blood pressure or another issue that requires medical evaluation.

• Severe vomiting: 

  • Severe, persistent vomiting that prevents you from keeping food or liquids down could lead to dehydration and may indicate a condition like hyperemesis gravidarum, which requires medical attention.

If you experience any of these symptoms, don’t hesitate to seek help. Request an appointment with Thomson Medical to ensure your health and your baby’s well-being are being properly monitored.

FAQ

What is the hardest week of the first trimester of pregnancy?

For many women, weeks 7–9 can be the most challenging due to increased nausea, fatigue, and hormonal changes. It’s completely normal to feel more drained or unwell during this time, but rest assured, these symptoms often ease as you move into the second trimester.

When do you start to feel really pregnant?

Many women start to feel more noticeably pregnant between weeks 6 and 8, as symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and breast tenderness increase. This is when your body starts showing more obvious signs of pregnancy.

When does GERD start in pregnancy?

Heartburn or GERD can begin as early as the first trimester, but it’s more common in the later stages of pregnancy as your growing baby puts pressure on your digestive system.

What trimester is most prone to miscarriage?

What are good signs during the first trimester?

Positive signs in the first trimester include consistent foetal growth, stable hormone levels, and the absence of severe complications. If you’re feeling well overall, that’s a good indicator that things are progressing as expected.

How do I know my baby is healthy in the womb?

Regular prenatal visits, normal ultrasounds, and healthy growth measurements are the best ways to ensure your baby is developing well. Your healthcare provider will guide you through these checks for peace of mind.

The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice based on your unique situations, please consult a specialist at Thomson Medical. Request an appointmentwith Thomson Medical today.