How can you prevent cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting women, being the 10th most common cancer affecting Singaporean women. Cervical cancer is usually caused by a persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Most people who are sexually active will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives. Most HPV infections usually go away without treatment within a year or two. However, if the infection persists, it can cause a change in the cervical cells, leading to a precancerous lesion that may eventually develop into cervical cancer.

Fortunately, if you make sure to take the right precautions, cervical cancer is largely preventable. Here are 5 steps that you can take to reduce your risk of cervical cancer:

1. Get HPV vaccination

Since HPV is the main cause of cervical cancers and is a common sexually transmitted virus, it is best to get the HPV vaccine early. The HPV vaccine protects against the most common cancer-causing strains of human papillomavirus. It's most effective when given before age 26 but can benefit adults up to age 45. Advancements to the vaccine have also allowed it to protect against nine strains of HPV.

However, it is important to note that the HPV vaccination only prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing infections or diseases. Thus, it works best when taken before any exposure to HPV. It is also recommended to still get screened for cervical cancer, even if you have received an HPV vaccine.

2. Regular screening

There are two types of screening tests that can help detect changes that could indicate precancer or cervical cancer:

• Pap smear:

  • The Pap smear will look for precancerous cells, or cell changes in the cervix that may become cervical cancers if not treated properly.

• HPV tests:

  • The HPV test looks for the virus that can cause such cell changes.

Schedule regular Pap smears and HPV tests according to medical guidelines. Women aged 21-29 should get Pap tests every 3 years, while those 30-65 should get both Pap and HPV tests every 5 years.

3. Practice safe sex

Condoms can decrease the risk of HPV transmissions. Use condoms consistently and limit sexual partners to reduce HPV exposure risk. However, condoms alone do not completely prevent it, as HPV exposure is still possible in any areas that aren't covered by the condom.

It is also recommended that you speak to your partner(s) about their sexually transmitted infection (STI) status, as their previous sexual behaviours may also be a risk for you.

4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle will also help prevent cervical cancer. Some suggestions are:

• Eating a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and other cancer-fighting nutrients while avoiding unhealthy foods that may be high in saturated fats, sugar, and sodium. 

• Exercise regularly, for at least 30 minutes a week.

• Avoid smoking or breathing in secondhand smoke, as it increases the risk of developing cervical cancer. 

5. Understanding the risk factors

Knowing the potential risk factors can help you understand what preventive measures you need to take to reduce your risk of cervical cancer. Discuss your specific risk factors with healthcare providers for help developing personalised screening schedules and prevention strategies.

Remember to alert your doctor if you have any risk factors such as:

• Family history of cervical cancer

• HIV/AIDS or other conditions affecting immunity

• Previous cancer treatments

• Long-term oral contraceptive use

• Multiple full-term pregnancies

Early detection through regular screening remains crucial; most cervical cancers are found in women who haven't had timely screening tests.

The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice, please consult a specialist at Thomson Medical. Book an appointment with Thomson Medical today.

FAQ:

What is the main cause of cervical cancer?

Long-lasting infection with high-risk types of HPV causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide.

Can we prevent cervical cancer?

Getting vaccinations against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer. 

Is cervical cancer curable or not?

Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed at an early stage and treated promptly.

What are the chances of beating cervical cancer?

The 5-year relative survival rates for cervical cancer are as follows: 

• When cervical cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, the 5-year relative survival rate is 91%. 

• When cervical cancer is diagnosed after it has spread to nearby tissues, organs, or regional lymph nodes, the 5-year relative survival rate is 60%.

What are early warning signs of cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding after sex.

• Vaginal bleeding after menopause.

• Vaginal bleeding between periods or periods that are heavier or longer than normal.

• Vaginal discharge that is watery and has a strong odour or that contains blood.

• Pelvic pain or pain during sex.

The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice, please consult a specialist at Thomson Medical. Book an appointment with Thomson Medical today.