How to Test for Cervical Cancer: Pap Test & HPV Screening

When it comes to cervical cancer screening, you might be feeling a bit anxious. Maybe you've been putting off that test, or perhaps you just got a reminder, and you're unsure what it involves. If you’re not familiar with the tests, it’s completely natural to have some questions or concerns beforehand.

Many women share this feeling, and it’s completely understandable. But knowing what to expect can help ease that anxiety. Regular cervical cancer screening is one of the most effective ways to protect yourself, allowing you to catch changes early before they ever turn into something serious.

What causes cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer develops when cells in your cervix (the lower part of your uterus) begin to grow abnormally and spread. 

The main cause is persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common sexually transmitted virus. What might surprise you is how common HPV actually is. Most people will get HPV at some point in their lives. 

Even though HPV is common, cervical cancer remains relatively rare because the body clears most infections naturally. Your immune system usually clears it within a year or two. Cervical cancer only develops when the infection persists for many years, allowing abnormal cells to form and multiply.

Other factors that increase your risk

HPV is the primary cause, but it's not the only factor at play. Your risk may be higher if any of these apply to you:

• Smoking

• Early sexual activity or multiple partners

• Long-term use of oral contraceptives (five years or more)

• Weakened immune system, such as from HIV infection

• Having many children or having your first pregnancy at a young age

• Family history of cervical cancer

• Lack of regular Pap smear or HPV screening

Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you’ve done something wrong – they simply help your doctor decide how often you should be screened.  

Why is testing for cervical cancer important?

Many women put off their Pap test because they “feel fine”. But even if you don’t feel anything bad, it’s still important to schedule your screening tests regularly. Cervical cancer often develops slowly over many years, starting with precancerous changes that have no symptoms at all.

The good news is that even without any obvious symptoms, these changes can still be detected and treated before they ever become a serious issue. Regular screening helps you in three key ways:

• It detects abnormal cells before they turn into cancer

• It prevents cervical cancer entirely through early treatment

• It finds cancer early, when treatment is most effective, and survival rates are highest

This is why screening is so powerful. Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers that can actually be prevented through testing.

If you're due for your screening or have any concerns about your risk, schedule an appointment with Thomson Medical. Our doctors are here to answer questions you may have and help you understand which screening approach is right for you.

How to test for cervical cancer

If you’re unsure what cervical cancer screening involves, learning about how it works might help you feel more at ease. There are two main tests used to screen for cervical cancer. Your doctor will recommend which test or combination of tests is right for you based on your age and health history.

Pap test (Pap smear)

The Pap test checks for abnormal cells on your cervix that may turn into cancer over time. It's a simple procedure that's been saving lives for decades.

• During the test:

  • Your doctor uses a small brush or spatula to gently collect cells from your cervix. 

  • The sample is then sent to a lab for examination under a microscope. 

  • The test takes only a few minutes and may cause you mild discomfort, but it shouldn't be painful.

• What your results mean:

  • If your results are normal, it means that no abnormal cells were found.

  • If your results are abnormal, it doesn't mean you have cancer. It just means that there are changes that may need further testing or monitoring.

It’s natural to feel worried when you see the word ‘abnormal’. But in most cases, the vast majority of abnormal results aren't cancer. They're just your body's way of signalling that something needs a closer look. Catching an abnormal result early means you can do something about it while it’s still possible to manage.

HPV DNA test

The HPV DNA test detects the presence of high-risk HPV strains that can cause cervical cancer. It's often done along with the Pap test (called a co-test) or on its own for women aged 30 and older.

This test can be very helpful because it gives your doctor more information about your cervical health.

• If the test detects a high-risk HPV strain, your doctor may recommend closer follow-up or a colposcopy to get a clearer look at your cervix.

• A positive HPV test does not mean you have cervical cancer. It just means your cervix needs some additional attention.

If you test positive, it’s understandable to feel concerned – but HPV is very common, and most people clear the virus naturally without any treatment. What matters most is keeping up with follow-up care so you feel informed and supported on your health journey.

When to get tested

The question of timing comes up a lot, and for good reason. Nobody wants to go too often or wait too long. Here's what most doctors recommend based on your age:

You may need more frequent screening if you have:

• A history of abnormal results

• An HPV infection

• A weakened immune system, such as from HIV

Your doctor can help you determine the right screening schedule for your individual situation.

Beyond the test: diagnosing cervical cancer

Getting a call about abnormal results can be unsettling, but it’s more common than you might think. But abnormal results don't always mean cancer – sometimes your doctor just needs a closer look to understand what's going on.

Colposcopy

Think of a colposcopy as a more detailed version of your Pap test. Your doctor uses a special microscope (called a colposcope) to get a closer look at your cervix. They might apply vinegar or iodine to help spot any areas that need attention. It's similar to what you've experienced before, just with a bit more detail.

Cervical biopsy

If your doctor notices something during the colposcopy, they might take a tiny tissue sample to send to the lab. This helps confirm exactly what's happening and whether any precancerous or cancerous cells are there.

If any signs of cancer are found, your doctor may suggest imaging tests like an MRI, CT scan, or PET scan. These help show whether the cancer has spread and what treatment approach will work best for you.

What happens next

So you've had the tests, and the results show something that needs attention. What now? 

Every situation is different, and your path forward depends on what exactly the tests reveal. If cancer is diagnosed, your doctor will walk you through each option gently and ensure you never feel alone in the process.

If precancerous changes are found

Good news. Precancerous changes can be treated before they ever become cancer. Treatments like cryotherapy, LEEP, or cone biopsy can be used to remove the abnormal tissue. Most of these can be done right in your doctor's office or as a quick outpatient visit.

If cancer is diagnosed

Cervical cancer treatment might involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a mix of these, depending on how early the cancer was caught. The earlier it's found, the better the outcome tends to be. Many women treated for cervical cancer go on to live full, healthy lives.

Your doctor will talk through every option with you and make sure all your questions are answered.

If you're experiencing any unusual symptoms or are due for screening, schedule an appointment with Thomson Medical. Our doctors can assess your needs and help you stay on track with your cervical health.

FAQ

How do I check myself for cervical cancer?

Where can I get tested for cervical cancer?

What tests are done to confirm cervical cancer?

How long can cervical cancer go unnoticed?

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The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice based on your unique situation, please consult a doctor at Thomson Medical. Schedule an appointment with Thomson Medical today.